{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"ee0f381ff17d","filters":{"venue":"Optics"}},"results":[{"id":"W3009767520","doi":"10.3390/opt1010006","title":"Micro- and Macro-Scale Measurement of Flow Velocity in Porous Media: A Shadow Imaging Approach for 2D and 3D","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Shadowgraph; Particle image velocimetry; Velocimetry; Porous medium; Shadowgraphy; Particle tracking velocimetry; Optics; Flow (mathematics); Flow measurement; Materials science; Mechanics; Physics; Porosity; Turbulence; Laser","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02100137691918706,"gpt":0.1911974106513474,"spread":0.1701960337321604,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002352788,0.0001054742,0.0002089703,0.00004447657,0.00002079471,0.00002030776,0.00005485241,0.00003401737,0.000002601088],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003884783,0.0001075363,0.000029224,0.0001075966,0.00002759575,0.00004888658,0.00002396491,0.00007552203,2.984173e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002743833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008889506,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008065287,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002675903,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993519,0.000008193398,0.0001797696,0.0001418747,0.0001677446,0.0001504712],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997786,0.00001452268,0.00002080818,0.00007015387,0.00005055625,0.00006541092],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001921803,0.0003635528,0.1129613,0.006111786,0.0007996028,0.00002726962,0.01864293,0.1504809,0.5559145,0.0001359446,0.002347871,0.1520222],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006668526,0.00001368658,0.001421383,0.00002691369,0.00007957524,0.000001294106,0.0002440359,0.9900511,0.007243902,0.00002358331,0.00008727988,0.0001404061],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8057421,0.006944681,0.1836388,0.0006145624,0.0001250851,0.0006365674,0.00007238155,0.0001343389,0.002091445],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9013164,0.0000960594,0.09846982,0.00003182304,0.00004659891,0.00001010122,0.000009777573,0.00001721298,0.000002177005],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8395702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4385203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3005901426","doi":"10.3390/opt1010005","title":"Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Evaporation-Induced Instabilities Using Volumetric Scanning Particle Image Velocimetry","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Thin Films","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Vector field; Particle image velocimetry; Vortex; Plane (geometry); Particle tracking velocimetry; Particle (ecology); Velocimetry; Optics; Flow map; Physics; Flow velocity; Flow (mathematics); Mechanics; Materials science; Geometry; Geology; Mathematics; Turbulence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02592006144758135,"gpt":0.2206474577406702,"spread":0.1947273962930889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009048742,0.00009104554,0.0001381726,0.00005757465,0.00004918294,0.0000264857,0.00005942738,0.00005743966,0.00003643369],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001023474,0.000102274,0.00003999174,0.0004569701,0.00003867012,0.0001856931,0.00002822104,0.0001133345,0.000008637805],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004521294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003510765,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002909645,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000548005,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993529,0.000007636592,0.0002497148,0.0001093054,0.000146719,0.0001337353],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996579,0.00003376716,0.00004161507,0.0001081214,0.00009578522,0.00006283225],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002090965,0.00003173218,0.01222465,0.0002186983,0.00009616097,0.000005918505,0.0006127121,0.3770264,0.597523,0.00273141,0.00008497494,0.009423348],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001522953,0.00003277422,0.001205615,0.00001764103,0.0000163139,0.000004722902,0.0001006615,0.9710372,0.02714413,0.0001775474,0.00000523571,0.0001058389],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9864929,0.0001340702,0.01251221,0.00003314721,0.0003236078,0.00007077912,0.00001107545,0.0000825337,0.0003396287],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9558772,0.000003072033,0.04401671,0.00001446232,0.00005780764,0.00000128272,0.000005238841,0.00002123177,0.000002968088],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5940108,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4170613,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4360853163","doi":"10.3390/opt4020019","title":"Degree of Polarization of Cathodoluminescence from a GaAs Facet in the Vicinity of an SiN Stripe","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Cathodoluminescence; Materials science; Polarization (electrochemistry); Finite element method; Degree of polarization; Optics; Principal stress; Facet (psychology); Condensed matter physics; Deformation (meteorology); Plane stress; Shear (geology); Physics; Composite material; Chemistry; Thermodynamics; Luminescence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05959507650410319,"gpt":0.2939384124293693,"spread":0.2343433359252661,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002172578,0.00005824093,0.0001637095,0.00003548052,0.00001217148,0.000007571034,0.0001521994,0.00002602107,0.00004270842],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001917129,0.00004576694,0.00002663865,0.0002076217,0.00003326808,0.00005328018,0.00002074028,0.00003956701,0.000001619413],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002607718,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003390781,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002630483,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006581598,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994329,0.00007175434,0.0002362709,0.00007946642,0.00009957413,0.00008003697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994684,0.00008516017,0.0001694175,0.0002040458,0.00005847362,0.00001448184],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001040633,0.000120508,0.06580611,0.00004035622,0.00001196069,4.158649e-7,0.001716676,0.0002215647,0.9296646,0.001527924,0.00001508538,0.0008643837],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005645533,0.0001312021,0.2514466,0.00009177783,0.00005049543,1.048516e-7,0.004654814,0.00212721,0.7383061,0.00246488,0.00003795001,0.0001243138],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9990495,0.00000590861,0.0001744955,0.00002037767,0.00006054294,0.0001031734,0.0003737308,0.000003852152,0.0002083475],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986498,0.000001610327,0.00112956,0.000006441202,0.0000383382,0.000001988586,0.0001531568,0.000005457294,0.00001370021],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1913585,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3976521,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410481770","doi":"10.3390/opt6020021","title":"Photoelastic Refractive Index Changes in GaAs Investigated by Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"Optical Coatings and Gratings","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Finite element method; Refractive index; Materials science; Index (typography); Structural engineering; Computer science; Engineering; Optoelectronics; World Wide Web","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01733364652103014,"gpt":0.3106876627407184,"spread":0.2933540162196882,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003626567,0.0001387638,0.0001968121,0.0001087241,0.0001100387,0.0001003011,0.0001485333,0.00009178211,0.000198705],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009068946,0.0001281806,0.00002034258,0.0004690708,0.00007084601,0.00009427618,0.0001066144,0.0001779966,0.00003384455],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007564027,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006274875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001145291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002922043,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988821,0.0000942995,0.0002809012,0.0002808162,0.0001810684,0.0002807844],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987171,0.000815091,0.0001045575,0.0001822329,0.0001089803,0.00007205432],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004414687,0.0002077757,0.002392632,0.00007038831,0.00001725903,0.000006696362,0.001117473,0.03782885,0.94844,0.007371662,0.001644733,0.0008583607],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009505032,0.0002108035,0.001091724,0.0002132361,0.00005306315,6.47679e-7,0.0005702332,0.5912425,0.3860461,0.01127542,0.007964093,0.0003817267],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9409204,0.0000555919,0.04999934,0.002730302,0.0002972832,0.0004866617,0.0001346989,0.00009519346,0.005280501],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9527754,0.000008275519,0.04455422,0.001183558,0.00002419926,0.00003494278,0.00003590072,0.00001264126,0.001370913],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.562394,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5227055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4390961361","doi":"10.3390/opt5010002","title":"Degree of Polarization of Cathodoluminescence from a (100) GaAs Substrate with SiN Stripes","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Cathodoluminescence; Polarization (electrochemistry); Finite element method; Degree of polarization; Photoluminescence; Materials science; Substrate (aquarium); Degree (music); Optics; Condensed matter physics; Physics; Molecular physics; Chemistry; Geology; Luminescence; Acoustics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03303988319287487,"gpt":0.2583388420069888,"spread":0.2252989588141139,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005903039,0.00008752738,0.0001602542,0.00003069011,0.00001409959,0.00003580043,0.00008054837,0.00002621822,0.0001349992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003402407,0.00007058875,0.00003194356,0.0001201563,0.00004026346,0.00008294156,0.00001198672,0.0000433289,0.000004329963],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004404063,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007467836,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001080735,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001949449,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994818,0.00001787154,0.0001902826,0.0001257128,0.00009174543,0.00009257728],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996044,0.00005949341,0.00009280293,0.0001415099,0.00007416331,0.0000276207],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001878041,0.00005580969,0.02472885,0.0001130464,0.0000720254,0.000002192843,0.0003781848,0.00009583328,0.9652144,0.008041945,0.00002653889,0.001252413],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002540481,0.0001061984,0.00811235,0.0003072442,0.0001380041,4.746452e-7,0.0004535978,0.001052246,0.9878967,0.001347079,0.0001719098,0.0001601818],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959042,0.0001072516,0.002765013,0.00001834384,0.0001353796,0.00007980049,0.0003372434,0.00001228044,0.0006404629],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994697,0.000003398659,0.004965399,0.000003644548,0.00009366362,0.000002252299,0.00009608228,0.00001265375,0.0001258657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02268228,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2878526,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4311624447","doi":"10.3390/opt3040039","title":"Topological and Optical Properties of Passeriformes’ Feathers: Biological UV Reflector Antenna","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología","keywords":"Feather; Reflector (photography); Optics; Iridescence; Antenna (radio); Melanosome; Metamaterial; Biology; Physics; Melanin; Zoology; Light source; Computer science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0658345276979031,"gpt":0.2469268029263862,"spread":0.1810922752284831,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001717308,0.00008775251,0.000149627,0.000006547773,0.0002299825,0.00001587673,0.0001079161,0.00006268178,0.00024712],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003542281,0.00002863555,0.00005317702,0.0001355499,0.0001966401,0.00004146559,0.0001717817,0.0001475937,0.000002597935],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001504449,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000464293,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002090002,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004422467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992471,0.00005231804,0.0001544284,0.000235349,0.0001399719,0.0001708101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997989,0.00002582803,0.00004675225,0.00004100214,0.00003595954,0.00005158389],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009540117,0.0001496326,0.01867155,0.000003105421,0.000004787978,0.000004161242,0.00005536675,8.834236e-7,0.973978,0.001694486,0.00001862468,0.005324046],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003029337,0.007098615,0.9158372,0.00001663268,0.00004639463,0.000269149,0.007838963,0.000126558,0.0594688,0.0009873826,0.007496583,0.0005108197],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981009,0.000278729,0.00000146065,0.0009788598,0.00007314196,0.0001196874,0.00001161501,0.00003746369,0.0003980823],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992786,0.00009561844,0.0002809122,0.00004789568,0.00009670971,0.00001728587,0.00000733608,6.757747e-7,0.0001749665],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9145092,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2705791,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4408370242","doi":"10.3390/opt6010008","title":"The Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Efficiency of Some 9,10-Substituted Diphenyl Anthracene Variants—A Decisive Analysis from Kinetic Rate Constants","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Optics","topic":"Chemical Reaction Mechanisms","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; TRIUMF","funders":"","keywords":"Anthracene; Annihilation; Kinetic energy; Reaction rate constant; Chemistry; Photochemistry; Kinetics; Physics; Nuclear physics; Quantum mechanics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0104570956869131,"gpt":0.2610883893518887,"spread":0.2506312936649756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002271156,0.0002257445,0.0004382455,0.0001369783,0.0001857887,0.00008251559,0.0004188787,0.0002109653,0.0008032499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001581842,0.0001865673,0.0002082504,0.001261152,0.00019129,0.00009612058,0.0001096564,0.0002317924,0.00002800948],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001303463,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001425677,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005219899,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001768411,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981853,0.00003620977,0.0006814018,0.0004111143,0.0003783575,0.0003076071],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971355,0.001360153,0.0003755651,0.0007115032,0.0003234069,0.00009387412],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002278628,0.0001919113,0.0003550216,0.00002393826,0.0007254101,0.000009926603,0.00006284998,0.001236086,0.9863474,0.008496094,0.0001839515,0.002139582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001592519,0.0000145764,0.0009195389,0.00007824648,0.001295678,9.505307e-7,0.0002780944,0.05678087,0.9297752,0.007240985,0.00176055,0.0002627536],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9525558,0.000791118,0.03552515,0.0003140759,0.0004236065,0.000194425,0.0003983637,0.00009505619,0.009702357],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9961327,0.0003872422,0.001676002,0.0000460476,0.00007107204,0.0000125799,0.0002032489,0.00001636034,0.00145471],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05657214,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8795023,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}