{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":13,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":13,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"a32a990b39e6","filters":{"venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres"}},"results":[{"id":"W1656179655","doi":"10.1023/a:1016019425995","title":"Relative Amino Acid Concentrations as a Signature for Parent Body Processes of Carbonaceous Chondrites","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Astro and Planetary Science","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":129,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, San Diego; University of Calgary; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Meteorite; Chondrite; Chemistry; Amino acid; Glycine; Parent body; Hydrolysis; Murchison meteorite; Derivatization; Carbonaceous chondrite; Extraction (chemistry); Chromatography; High-performance liquid chromatography; Astrobiology; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry; Biology","authors":[{"name":"Oliver Botta","is_ca":false},{"name":"D. P. Glavin","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gerhard Kminek","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jeffrey L. Bada","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01115776810997307,"gpt":0.2237434291722097,"spread":0.2125856610622366,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003739104,0.00008724313,0.0001759995,0.00001864525,0.00005553522,0.000005787085,0.00007667264,0.00003860934,0.0002733446],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003930388,0.00007387147,0.00004429718,0.0001341236,0.0001574797,0.0001630681,0.00001004217,0.00005327365,0.000001831919],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001076687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000102545,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004832895,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003826404,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994096,0.00001484459,0.00021303,0.0001317387,0.0001150457,0.0001157588],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993941,0.0001219321,0.0002035884,0.00008424029,0.0001406983,0.00005549896],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000981354,0.0003672769,0.8905249,0.0002621482,0.0001818875,2.356439e-7,0.001371742,0.0005383138,0.03646328,0.06432299,0.003992504,0.00187665],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009584793,0.007562095,0.433163,0.001349755,0.0008407181,0.000007166194,0.0273537,0.03042443,0.3679655,0.02163684,0.09784906,0.002262966],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895814,0.004948044,0.002577986,0.0001105621,0.00006509319,0.0002121915,0.0005002643,0.000006648334,0.00199779],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983555,0.00004690928,0.001209421,0.000006158644,0.0000515709,0.000006275318,0.00004012306,0.000003170098,0.0002808848],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4573618,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3012391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041386239","doi":"10.1023/b:orig.0000009828.40846.b3","title":"Organic Aerosols and the Origin of Life: An Hypothesis","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":85,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Abiogenesis; Aerosol; Astrobiology; Amphiphile; Chemistry; Chemical physics; Environmental chemistry; Chemical engineering; Physics; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"D. J. Donaldson","is_ca":true},{"name":"Heikki Tervahattu","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. F. Tuck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Veronica Vaida","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01426923048750946,"gpt":0.2261137632212943,"spread":0.2118445327337848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003575075,0.0001845004,0.0004791625,0.00004645495,0.0001219529,0.00001882691,0.0001547416,0.00006792757,0.0006112623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008674522,0.0001328789,0.0001078801,0.0002432144,0.0005660543,0.0002136825,0.00003390936,0.00009608301,0.000004247899],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002468344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002626717,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001465179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003967507,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986851,0.0001292227,0.0005329463,0.0002266481,0.0002176768,0.0002083768],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988133,0.0001662467,0.0003883583,0.0003219614,0.000142698,0.0001673921],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001586086,0.0002068538,0.379923,0.00007213993,0.0001635783,6.42623e-8,0.0001849563,0.00002390756,0.002925559,0.6147017,0.001031522,0.0006080768],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03650977,0.002673564,0.5243291,0.0005839189,0.001171643,0.00001240783,0.02660936,0.002413113,0.07652791,0.1267679,0.199459,0.002942269],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9943655,0.001526473,0.0008723408,0.0001732257,0.0001169745,0.0001767444,0.00008346141,0.0000128673,0.002672464],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983174,0.000133,0.001202912,0.00003070204,0.0001200615,0.000006461328,0.000003405102,0.00001601561,0.0001700224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4879338,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6692894,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1635372491","doi":"10.1023/a:1006757011007","title":"Planetary Interchange of Bioactive Material: Probability Factors and Implications","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Planetary Science and Exploration","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":71,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lockheed Martin (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Astrobiology; Planet; Biology; Physics; Astronomy","authors":[{"name":"B. C. Clark","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02588306914479826,"gpt":0.2372127089786963,"spread":0.211329639833898,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005662381,0.00006627569,0.0001448934,0.00002805805,0.00003282215,0.000005145506,0.00005242074,0.00002390082,0.00007421256],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004873005,0.00005290537,0.0000209079,0.00008945121,0.0001541721,0.0002190701,0.00001848267,0.0000238665,0.000001220549],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001006408,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003293158,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003959798,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001311992,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995589,0.00001715514,0.0001824071,0.0001096879,0.00005689007,0.00007494612],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996635,0.00002640335,0.0001307371,0.0000949902,0.00004125732,0.000043072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003798975,0.00005401936,0.9794884,0.00002365192,0.00002355686,1.75719e-8,0.00021795,0.000009878899,0.01265959,0.006746108,0.00009130527,0.0006474807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001589538,0.0001466833,0.9850561,0.00001967755,0.00001703003,3.947136e-7,0.001293994,0.0001237782,0.007135395,0.005321109,0.0006506224,0.00007624659],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987624,0.00009227126,0.0003211465,0.00009725595,0.00003914763,0.00009774346,0.0003346173,0.000005081447,0.0002503651],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994771,0.00003650059,0.0002983622,0.000003080385,0.00002685139,0.000002213893,0.0001478523,0.00000191089,0.000006102028],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005567668,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5986056,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1596803638","doi":"10.1023/a:1025715209867","title":"Why Nature Chose A, C, G and U/T: An Error-Coding Perspective of Nucleotide Alphabet Composition","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Trinity College","funders":"","keywords":"Alphabet; Binary number; Coding (social sciences); Parity (physics); Nucleotide; Computer science; Pyrimidine; Parity bit; Mathematics; Theoretical computer science; Arithmetic; Discrete mathematics; Algorithm; Chemistry; Biology; Stereochemistry; Physics; Genetics; Quantum mechanics; Statistics; Gene","authors":[{"name":"Dónall A. Mac Dónaill","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01708597044262285,"gpt":0.3011255503638594,"spread":0.2840395799212365,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001806912,0.0002474053,0.0007568472,0.00006272637,0.00005421528,0.000009255244,0.000137744,0.0005107766,0.00002372825],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005108674,0.000216316,0.0001756316,0.000103253,0.0001726796,0.00001287338,0.00004952354,0.0001295756,4.278377e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003934656,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000134627,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001912393,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002624744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988148,0.0001560804,0.0004045432,0.0003511618,0.0001350141,0.0001384077],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989569,0.00002286699,0.0004997955,0.000275495,0.0001558782,0.00008907339],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008710977,0.001471013,0.001491735,0.04550976,0.003404905,0.000009243493,0.0004743173,0.00001540942,0.5434105,0.184988,0.007265031,0.211089],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007966642,0.001439729,0.0001480224,0.004943724,0.0007334605,0.00003594896,0.0007880016,0.00001083054,0.04911458,0.001003108,0.9402157,0.0007702178],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.02696256,0.9719064,0.0002388512,0.00002244809,0.00009751278,0.0002975922,0.0001471568,0.000004879225,0.0003225777],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1149249,0.8831826,0.001641149,0.00003473749,0.00009831796,0.000008572822,0.00005695189,0.000025533,0.00002729033],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9329507,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8821108,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1968444730","doi":"10.1007/s11084-007-9093-2","title":"Question 1: Origin of Life and the Living State","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":36,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Aperiodic graph; Agency (philosophy); Living matter; Living systems; Everyday life; State (computer science); Reproduction; Work (physics); Feature (linguistics); Epistemology; Theoretical physics; Physics; Philosophy; Computer science; Biology; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Ecology; Quantum mechanics; Linguistics","authors":[{"name":"Stuart Kauffman","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009002124423768517,"gpt":0.244797910471692,"spread":0.2357957860479235,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008356444,0.0001620694,0.0003968372,0.00007142509,0.0001087935,0.00001542244,0.00012111,0.00005429428,0.0001325495],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007416063,0.0001196292,0.0001022122,0.0002147438,0.0005274055,0.0001954508,0.00006263765,0.000111211,0.000002507788],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003459946,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001632878,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005621767,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000107303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986451,0.00007251259,0.0006254198,0.0001901549,0.0002407745,0.0002260837],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987264,0.0002722145,0.000474413,0.0002101509,0.0001714688,0.0001453492],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002460809,0.0001180894,0.6398619,0.00009733301,0.0001217513,9.562588e-8,0.0002928553,0.00007438548,0.0008831376,0.3544733,0.0008935072,0.002937476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00508788,0.0004663744,0.9330432,0.0004407064,0.0001522551,0.00000196364,0.005097299,0.002137929,0.003843911,0.01468436,0.03444135,0.0006027515],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9869211,0.001851389,0.008443146,0.0002061477,0.0001679937,0.0001635468,0.00006669958,0.00001552659,0.002164405],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985136,0.0001467929,0.0008991206,0.00002356041,0.0002001657,0.000003007982,0.00000391802,0.00001163945,0.0001982224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.339789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8498467,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2058080182","doi":"10.1007/s11084-014-9377-2","title":"Origin and Stability of Exomoon Atmospheres: Implications for Habitability","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Austrian Science Fund; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; McMaster University","keywords":"Atmosphere (unit); Atmospheric escape; Circumstellar habitable zone; Dissociation (chemistry); Habitability; Radiation; Solar System; Exoplanet","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02327859172792538,"gpt":0.2730271398680554,"spread":0.2497485481401301,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000344999,0.0001017546,0.0002881645,0.00001198755,0.00007227406,0.000009826683,0.0001047307,0.00004318663,0.00006120784],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008491601,0.00008688027,0.00007658385,0.0001371268,0.0003622788,0.0001596196,0.00003075234,0.00003675114,5.359116e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002032223,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001338302,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00250207,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001247662,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991458,0.00003715305,0.0003645165,0.0002182691,0.00008779403,0.000146463],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990829,0.0001867903,0.0002352586,0.0002519994,0.0001492414,0.00009384444],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006075576,0.00009655162,0.8153988,0.00007702063,0.00001912416,1.053718e-9,0.00006753708,0.000009802849,0.01134597,0.1703965,0.0001900666,0.002337869],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001745243,0.0006581586,0.8988574,0.00006387637,0.00007039823,1.760967e-7,0.002114861,0.001044233,0.03073196,0.05617823,0.008255673,0.0002797621],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900711,0.0001745409,0.008315839,0.0002793448,0.00006864618,0.0002340444,0.0001334874,0.000007833695,0.0007152282],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971191,0.000008999608,0.002745018,0.000005624818,0.00008368611,0.00001412094,0.000006940598,0.000004919624,0.00001164173],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1142183,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3782398,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1516038393","doi":"10.1023/a:1016575224538","title":"The Asymmetry of Organic Aerosol Fission and Prebiotic Chemistry","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Miller Group (Canada); University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Aerosol; Fission; Particle (ecology); Chemistry; Chemical physics; Monolayer; Atmosphere (unit); Surface energy; Amphiphile; Astrobiology; Chemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Physics; Nuclear physics; Organic chemistry; Physical chemistry; Thermodynamics; Neutron; Geology","authors":[{"name":"D. J. Donaldson","is_ca":true},{"name":"A. F. Tuck","is_ca":false},{"name":"Veronica Vaida","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007231581026799494,"gpt":0.2043109633903195,"spread":0.19707938236352,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001094566,0.0001250116,0.0002396148,0.00001726879,0.0001283208,0.00001282515,0.0001174648,0.00006044968,0.0004936393],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002845929,0.00009161157,0.00006904679,0.000156237,0.000281215,0.00009832493,0.00005852856,0.00008478341,0.000003080491],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002336387,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004611478,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002753445,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006703498,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991174,0.00002359965,0.0003737936,0.0001571742,0.0001689066,0.0001591718],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992285,0.00008528697,0.0002843509,0.0002129034,0.00009129176,0.00009765126],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008901726,0.0004474592,0.8722953,0.0004043946,0.0002644087,1.918316e-7,0.0002628189,0.00002118047,0.07382397,0.03460025,0.01070066,0.007090296],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009203534,0.00150614,0.2892233,0.001130529,0.0005296613,0.00001194166,0.01374322,0.01093589,0.5266221,0.006755576,0.1384076,0.001930503],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9931666,0.003206605,0.0002726404,0.0002475748,0.00007815634,0.00008365128,0.00004834351,0.000009556559,0.00288684],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988086,0.000261839,0.0002134337,0.000005706085,0.0001131588,0.000001652783,0.000003108008,0.000008953966,0.0005836094],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5830721,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5405004,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4284678483","doi":"10.1007/s11084-022-09624-9","title":"On the Origin of Sugar Handedness: Facts, Hypotheses and Missing Links-A Review","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Chirality (physics); Context (archaeology); Chemistry; Abiogenesis; Astrobiology; Biochemical engineering; Cognitive science; Evolutionary biology; Nanotechnology; Biology; Physics; Psychology; Paleontology","authors":[{"name":"R. Fernando Martínez","is_ca":false},{"name":"Louis A. Cuccia","is_ca":true},{"name":"Cristóbal Viedma","is_ca":false},{"name":"Pedro Cintas","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05743846973865312,"gpt":0.3047111079462888,"spread":0.2472726382076356,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004850732,0.0004172271,0.001741713,0.0001053463,0.000199649,0.00002179179,0.0003257932,0.0001532933,0.001715539],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001173841,0.0002780663,0.0004392788,0.0003884255,0.000359543,0.0001056495,0.0001329587,0.0004363933,0.000005102709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008905576,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005914817,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007341026,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005087609,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976899,0.0002345294,0.001058551,0.0003749271,0.0003917338,0.0002503681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973251,0.0007020358,0.001266069,0.000484259,0.00009272559,0.0001298461],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003965341,0.0003811395,0.002240474,0.04282369,0.0008226374,7.095283e-7,0.0000694755,0.000004218938,0.000006780839,0.510796,0.01529271,0.4275225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002089975,0.0001587301,0.00006381874,0.01389912,0.0004544984,0.000001570358,0.000155764,0.000008442056,0.00001036291,0.001763685,0.9830074,0.0002675804],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001087944,0.9943727,0.00009900611,0.0001790826,0.0001993914,0.0005341457,0.0005577855,0.00001356635,0.002956348],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01385165,0.985461,0.0001489451,0.000049934,0.0001648593,0.00003462173,0.00004513032,0.00003590974,0.0002079448],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9677147,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999672,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011305088","doi":"10.1007/s11084-008-9143-4","title":"Compositional Inheritance: Comparison of Self-assembly and Catalysis","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Inheritance (genetic algorithm); Abiogenesis; Context (archaeology); Population; Heredity; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Genetics; Gene","authors":[{"name":"Meng Wu","is_ca":true},{"name":"Paul G. Higgs","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01297812647124249,"gpt":0.2516410821594782,"spread":0.2386629556882357,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007579118,0.0001345794,0.0004299119,0.00005957258,0.0001174829,0.000005214737,0.00008675338,0.00005292851,0.00008989929],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004866172,0.0001290545,0.00009081928,0.0001871724,0.0002574679,0.000163838,0.00004137872,0.00007144071,0.000002111427],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003397748,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001387286,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001405234,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001607556,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989468,0.00002791027,0.0004851221,0.0001755435,0.0002231353,0.0001414601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991932,0.0000509014,0.0003399511,0.0001494677,0.0001627618,0.0001037425],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005034789,0.0004054646,0.9327829,0.00007903669,0.000159032,1.426713e-7,0.0002705342,0.00006069302,0.006770814,0.05726758,0.001909672,0.0002437269],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002258353,0.0005360517,0.9461377,0.0001265662,0.0001564222,0.0000045857,0.002177255,0.002654235,0.03205796,0.00127457,0.01217997,0.000436298],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958532,0.001631244,0.00084686,0.00008738957,0.00006440694,0.0000772666,0.0001291766,0.00001458508,0.001295806],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996864,0.00008726599,0.002872223,0.000006407329,0.00009774512,0.000003371157,0.00002381673,0.000008007594,0.00003712548],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05599301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.526269,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2140662096","doi":"10.1007/s11084-012-9307-0","title":"The Importance of Stochastic Transitions for the Origin of Life","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Abiogenesis; Ribozyme; Statistical physics; Autocatalysis; Jump; Living systems; State (computer science); Autocatalytic reaction; Event (particle physics); Key (lock); Biological system; Computer science; Physics; RNA; Biology; Ecology; Classical mechanics; Algorithm; Artificial intelligence; Kinetics; Genetics; Astrobiology; Quantum mechanics","authors":[{"name":"Paul G. Higgs","is_ca":true},{"name":"Meng Wu","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01735899796509439,"gpt":0.2591919663760915,"spread":0.2418329684109971,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003479317,0.0001370045,0.0003189157,0.00003015163,0.000190147,0.000006848247,0.0001783719,0.00004699019,0.0001146523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004842892,0.00008656473,0.000198229,0.0001904397,0.0004273044,0.0001584284,0.00002369079,0.00007522457,0.000001207538],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000242172,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002246041,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006100568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004688148,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987978,0.00003136074,0.0006015795,0.0001162487,0.0002065938,0.0002463645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998569,0.0003487283,0.0005033553,0.0002591204,0.0002087563,0.0001111095],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002027475,0.0003017299,0.304433,0.0001286939,0.0003333622,7.645773e-9,0.0002851092,0.0004340962,0.001418211,0.6863422,0.005129538,0.0009912371],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0102569,0.001848108,0.6561846,0.0005873648,0.001491261,0.000002932879,0.032385,0.01461016,0.01267298,0.02706702,0.2413166,0.001577134],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9413285,0.005998277,0.04990414,0.0008106474,0.0003580264,0.0004001537,0.0006164135,0.000009840524,0.0005739844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989663,0.00004830991,0.0005270428,0.00001583973,0.0003083377,0.0000243801,0.000008866078,0.0000114717,0.00008948196],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6592752,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3530007,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2022539688","doi":"10.1007/s11084-007-9071-8","title":"Error-reducing Structure of the Genetic Code Indicates Code Origin in Non-thermophile Organisms","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Genetic code; Thermophile; Biology; Genome; Code (set theory); Genetics; Fixation (population genetics); Rate of evolution; DNA; RNA; Evolutionary biology; Computational biology; Computer science; Gene; Phylogenetics; Bacteria; Programming language","authors":[{"name":"Alexander Gutfraind","is_ca":false},{"name":"Achim Kempf","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00847568342575771,"gpt":0.2377694299025107,"spread":0.229293746476753,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001811205,0.0001292732,0.000217744,0.00004133524,0.00004500892,0.00000390297,0.0002283696,0.0001965179,0.00005128867],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008576902,0.00009780939,0.00005800166,0.0001684533,0.0001890406,0.000005263297,0.00006825,0.0000700148,6.121871e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002417581,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001232783,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004225853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004055492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990401,0.00004298333,0.000382001,0.0002057922,0.0001543119,0.000174812],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993021,0.00002642076,0.0002868296,0.0002700767,0.00006102663,0.00005348169],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008291811,0.00004034072,0.06035983,0.00006176234,0.00003113139,3.697169e-7,0.00008568013,0.0001083316,0.9379879,0.0005236478,0.00008365606,0.0006344434],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003506977,0.0001433166,0.1041243,0.00005410208,0.00001457612,0.000004018104,0.000237364,0.0000203695,0.8936582,0.0004751849,0.0008159853,0.0001019333],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971856,0.001550729,0.0007459595,0.00004825306,0.00009706958,0.0001753668,0.00007920563,0.000003173947,0.0001146355],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977263,0.0001169348,0.001995356,0.00002487136,0.00006682066,0.00000155879,0.000006723681,0.00001478416,0.0000466761],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04432975,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3988551,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1628191404","doi":"10.1023/a:1025791101127","title":"Hcn and Hnc in Comets C/2000 Wm1 (Linear) and C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang)","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics","funders":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Comet; Hydrogen cyanide; Photodissociation; Chemistry; Coma (optics); Astrobiology; Meteoroid; Molecule; Hydrogen; Physics; Astrophysics; Photochemistry; Inorganic chemistry; Organic chemistry","authors":[{"name":"William M. Irvine","is_ca":false},{"name":"P. Bergman","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. Lowe","is_ca":false},{"name":"H. E. Matthews","is_ca":true},{"name":"D. McGonagle","is_ca":false},{"name":"A. Nummelin","is_ca":false},{"name":"T. Owen","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009649038728034512,"gpt":0.2322291127864403,"spread":0.2225800740584057,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002235127,0.0002006595,0.0004034811,0.0001097941,0.00008759226,0.00001918995,0.00007311947,0.0000835396,0.0004571054],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002710501,0.0001835692,0.00005813573,0.000256445,0.0002575416,0.0002164263,0.00004140138,0.0001194901,0.000006166875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000462768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000144291,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002190386,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001206148,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987898,0.00006111653,0.0004397847,0.0002773949,0.0001700569,0.0002618592],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993203,0.00006946332,0.0001899539,0.0001802658,0.00006920623,0.0001708176],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004958319,0.0001930246,0.8672086,0.00008533278,0.00006127546,5.66492e-7,0.0001794209,0.0000360974,0.0007694046,0.1285821,0.001485714,0.001348852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00623906,0.0006372352,0.7034934,0.0002903346,0.0001101902,0.000008639584,0.004112889,0.002764621,0.004066783,0.007711625,0.2695932,0.0009720237],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9896263,0.00352361,0.0004913262,0.0001521498,0.0001106974,0.0001487259,0.0001007411,0.00001282886,0.005833658],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976419,0.0002144412,0.001470387,0.00002799338,0.00009358724,0.000005832105,0.000005778717,0.00001386799,0.0005262343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2681075,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7485734,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2610240834","doi":"10.1007/s11084-017-9538-1","title":"On the Ability of Formaldehyde to Act as a Tethering Catalyst in Water","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres","topic":"Origins and Evolution of Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Formaldehyde; Catalysis; Chemistry; Intermolecular force; Chemical reaction; Abiogenesis; Nanotechnology; Biochemical engineering; Combinatorial chemistry; Astrobiology; Organic chemistry; Molecule; Materials science; Physics; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Mohammad P. Jamshidi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Melissa Macdonald","is_ca":true},{"name":"André M. Beauchemin","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0118833318348803,"gpt":0.2557869165818975,"spread":0.2439035847470172,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002914155,0.0001164093,0.000259521,0.00004097907,0.0001361772,0.00001806451,0.0002572964,0.00003835476,0.0002904722],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005016426,0.00007258676,0.00008964967,0.00005492647,0.0001774989,0.0001706817,0.0000944322,0.00008271244,0.00001252633],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004310556,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007312816,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0103469,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001489277,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991214,0.00002608465,0.0003480923,0.0001568353,0.0001618941,0.0001856703],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991378,0.00005477239,0.0002004901,0.0004659147,0.00006775686,0.00007332878],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002276864,0.0002789676,0.765449,0.00008361936,0.00008162953,1.928312e-7,0.0006204558,0.0002682259,0.02675568,0.2037311,0.0006783151,0.00182505],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0013174,0.0004874472,0.85265,0.0002409214,0.00002982138,3.727001e-7,0.001824656,0.0003483072,0.1174311,0.01183345,0.01352589,0.0003106819],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9930313,0.00003571099,0.0001145834,0.0006945007,0.00008205882,0.0001577668,0.00004262999,0.000004498612,0.005836939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997047,0.000004308433,0.0001162283,0.00002016138,0.00006488963,0.000008220727,0.00000282583,0.000007020317,0.00007166794],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1918977,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9962433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}