{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":87,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":87,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"aceba95d2676","filters":{"venue":"Paleobiology"}},"results":[{"id":"W2173033023","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:bpngns>2.0.co;2","title":"<i>Bangiomorpha pubescens</i>n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Protist diversity and phylogeny","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":710,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Multicellular organism; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Holdfast; Paleontology; Ecology; Eukaryote; Acritarch; Genetics; Genome","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00821148175788373,"gpt":0.2228995161845097,"spread":0.214688034426626,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003688314,0.0001023318,0.0001688397,0.00002264276,0.0001605009,0.000006352273,0.0002432394,0.0001394812,0.00001980771],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007484364,0.00006776844,0.000105145,0.00006808648,0.0005365544,0.000003692234,0.0000642028,0.00005824311,0.000001822351],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007900294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000340692,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002132783,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005706859,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992427,0.0001403845,0.0002120421,0.0002113585,0.00003776033,0.000155778],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999297,0.000137382,0.000129035,0.0003346379,0.00007709518,0.00002487161],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001391439,0.0001657258,0.3381048,0.0001397665,0.0004486545,2.608638e-7,0.0005202004,0.0001417197,0.6093908,0.004681789,0.0005946101,0.04442026],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006402457,0.0007583412,0.7177554,0.00002047798,0.0003329636,0.00005751705,0.0002274553,0.001049755,0.256117,0.006604618,0.01031453,0.0003595483],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9780002,0.008773586,0.009429225,0.00150872,0.0000782586,0.001679168,0.0003147364,0.000007836082,0.0002082763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985604,0.0005105361,0.0003397999,0.0001408393,0.00009015212,0.0001169598,0.0001106914,0.000006457323,0.0001242239],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3796506,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2763517,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124939233","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0082:dadani>2.0.co;2","title":"Dark and disturbed: a new image of early angiosperm ecology","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Plant Diversity and Evolution","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":260,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Ecology; Geography; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009672389161236769,"gpt":0.1783512982409943,"spread":0.1686789090797575,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005228825,0.00005955928,0.0001233966,0.000007621108,0.00006249687,0.000004823012,0.0000911703,0.00009546618,0.00008277212],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002182224,0.00002449317,0.0000339905,0.00007170349,0.0001220962,0.00004760567,0.00004978726,0.00004836469,0.00003219237],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007821605,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006796344,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008926445,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001591738,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995724,0.00002520811,0.00008148818,0.00014207,0.00002642396,0.0001523844],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998078,0.00005939598,0.00004124109,0.00002183989,0.00001526199,0.00005440725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009820763,0.00006517481,0.4854974,0.000005604616,0.00002300733,0.00001854519,0.0002538538,0.000001943715,0.5039314,0.001731121,0.0006495745,0.007724183],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00019936,0.0003640005,0.9936906,0.000003890555,0.000008774494,0.00002900842,0.00006685396,6.171115e-7,0.00084249,0.00381167,0.0009161612,0.00006664504],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979915,0.0001350703,0.000005119643,0.0008063136,0.00007446669,0.00005545322,0.00005736929,0.00001862918,0.0008560962],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995231,0.00006369003,0.0001536915,0.00007842714,0.00006385918,6.730031e-7,0.00004672429,1.710366e-7,0.00006967039],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5081931,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1349417,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2176267207","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165:ppf>2.0.co;2","title":"Probable Proterozoic fungi","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Plant Diversity and Evolution","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":214,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Acritarch; Biology; Proterozoic; Sister group; Population; Taxon; Marine fungi; Botany; Phylogenetic tree; Paleontology; Clade","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01708854337570148,"gpt":0.1781416544923704,"spread":0.161053111116669,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007769439,0.00005480825,0.00007104014,0.000004797597,0.0001115236,0.000008076544,0.0001141413,0.00007817506,0.0006232492],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009272475,0.00001969482,0.00003062493,0.00007186751,0.00003029963,0.0000640041,0.00003238383,0.00005468889,0.0009113315],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001140937,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002125162,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002740036,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001025134,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995353,0.00003394277,0.00006524652,0.000138035,0.00003271057,0.0001947508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998706,0.00003211433,0.0000250576,0.00002073511,0.00001472685,0.00003674634],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006001562,0.0001109072,0.1407458,0.000005021359,0.00001484727,0.00000428088,0.00006267604,0.00001811062,0.687356,0.001092231,0.01038968,0.1601404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001359411,0.0002155212,0.3340686,0.000006498445,0.000006956902,0.00003389156,0.00004579082,0.00008655684,0.003874216,0.0005144612,0.6608378,0.000173837],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924746,0.000192945,0.000004056331,0.00135055,0.00007141991,0.0001189864,0.0000237551,0.00006796073,0.005695709],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982933,0.00003444652,0.0001249377,0.0002992967,0.0002600539,0.000007286406,0.00008117344,1.265359e-7,0.0008994084],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6834818,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998665,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2173971716","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0527:potoka>2.0.co;2","title":"Paleoecology of the oldest known animal communities: Ediacaran assemblages at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":186,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Paleoecology; Geography; Archaeology; Paleontology; Geology; Ecology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02112916582742606,"gpt":0.2366353782681114,"spread":0.2155062124406854,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008230449,0.0001757397,0.0003606524,0.00007514043,0.000424266,0.000008460608,0.0005569588,0.0003466786,0.009588425],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002602288,0.0001139709,0.0001087123,0.0001594476,0.001110682,0.00004425202,0.00007092254,0.0003664106,0.0002919162],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001020483,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001018676,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008239597,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.334594,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974792,0.001325503,0.0003115709,0.0002333544,0.00007461216,0.0005757429],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978795,0.001405689,0.0001413005,0.0004209509,0.00006124887,0.0000912874],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009783119,0.0000374857,0.9977918,0.00001703071,0.0000481728,0.000005166195,0.0001789581,0.00001416335,0.0002154155,0.0004169839,0.0008861247,0.0002908262],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004231981,0.0006080944,0.9728535,0.000003955039,0.0000161125,0.0001280471,0.0002719686,0.00002489912,0.0001343935,0.0004295251,0.02497842,0.0001278751],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9318445,0.0006040189,0.000001410377,0.0004507882,0.0006433106,0.0002173619,0.00002558126,0.00001878789,0.06619426],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974427,0.0001654136,0.00003328669,0.0003159264,0.00007417727,0.000005632813,0.0001097904,0.000003583896,0.001849451],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.33377,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.991317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2160591620","doi":"10.1666/09021.1","title":"Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Plant and animal studies","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":155,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Johns Hopkins University","keywords":"Seasonality; Temperate climate; Insolation; Latitude; Ecology; Geography; Tropics; Temperate forest; Temperate rainforest; Biology; Climatology; Geology; Ecosystem","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06630603069133238,"gpt":0.2158579099275107,"spread":0.1495518792361784,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001175593,0.00005120027,0.00009264061,0.000001406553,0.0003834162,0.000003608479,0.000116311,0.00004009034,0.00005404353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002763089,0.000014158,0.00002615572,0.00005286636,0.0002011905,0.00001339515,0.0004519151,0.00007899156,0.000003168535],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.647105e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":9.344204e-7,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001933446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008986928,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999669,0.00002650749,0.00005640601,0.00009880958,0.00003963325,0.0001096138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997348,0.0001735609,0.00003486715,0.00001146954,0.00002122844,0.00002407402],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001021679,0.00001444998,0.8992977,0.00000171897,0.000008819523,9.2603e-7,0.00007416751,1.258133e-8,0.09663964,0.001641243,0.0001096512,0.002201482],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000418592,0.00009814238,0.9955626,0.000001680485,0.000006433023,0.000007687388,0.00003726024,0.000001700593,0.0004198722,0.001346416,0.002436762,0.00003963582],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977021,0.0001965343,7.972398e-8,0.001036045,0.00006206193,0.00004423839,0.00002806517,0.000008927505,0.000921943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996695,0.00009267916,0.00000644427,0.0001059933,0.00009011487,0.000001299284,0.000003745219,1.032274e-7,0.0000301326],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09626488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5014917,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2096838887","doi":"10.1666/07001.1","title":"Fossil leaf economics quantified: calibration, Eocene case study, and implications","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Plant Diversity and Evolution","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":152,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Australian Research Council; Macquarie University; Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University; American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Temperate climate; Ecology; Petiole (insect anatomy); Range (aeronautics); Leaf size; Biology; Deciduous; Ecosystem; Lapse rate; Sclerophyll; Botany; Geology; Atmospheric sciences","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04028211897377008,"gpt":0.2350672689574327,"spread":0.1947851499836627,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002252279,0.00006362061,0.00008902812,0.00001132773,0.0002967604,0.00001815982,0.00006873219,0.00008064137,0.00004221342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001690394,0.00002909265,0.00001954679,0.00007577172,0.00005982304,0.00007138574,0.00004187956,0.00005106735,0.0000127887],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009385923,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000359535,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008026488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02353075,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994691,0.00003536145,0.0001236687,0.0001948977,0.00001381684,0.0001631381],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999671,0.0001673072,0.00004541824,0.00003599288,0.00002104144,0.00005917859],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003667503,0.0001504798,0.9354951,0.00000207498,0.00002080044,0.0001097355,0.0002957255,0.000003740078,0.01690359,0.001378632,0.0005692383,0.04503418],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001673335,0.0002307062,0.988562,0.000001075761,0.00001559035,0.001325122,0.003132534,0.0000850491,0.0001858818,0.0005835574,0.005572425,0.0001387588],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985793,0.000100415,0.00004039832,0.0006069585,0.00008672921,0.0001249695,0.00006873575,0.00003384587,0.0003586975],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996176,0.0000495002,0.00003029824,0.00009865606,0.00009194209,0.000002416448,0.00005884544,2.294549e-7,0.0000504804],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05306683,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9942873,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080374247","doi":"10.1666/08024.1","title":"Fidelity of variation in species composition and diversity partitioning by death assemblages: time-averaging transfers diversity from beta to alpha levels","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":124,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; University of Chicago","keywords":"Beta diversity; Abundance (ecology); Composition (language); Ecology; Variation (astronomy); Biology; Alpha diversity; Gamma diversity; Spatial ecology; Spatial variability; Species diversity; Biodiversity; Statistics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03107400268627942,"gpt":0.2373827777478487,"spread":0.2063087750615693,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003738101,0.00009182066,0.0002356283,0.00009373792,0.0003398635,0.000007522904,0.0001373642,0.0001341468,0.000557417],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002332348,0.00009162839,0.00002734333,0.0001100258,0.00009968105,0.0001156746,0.00005021529,0.0001430174,0.00004167892],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002951722,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009817201,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002675027,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002846592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989532,0.0002999175,0.0001658795,0.0002621171,0.00007967845,0.000239266],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994392,0.0003288154,0.00004144964,0.0000880719,0.00003135366,0.00007112529],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000909576,0.0000200951,0.9954907,0.000004071151,0.00001648897,0.000007513051,0.001032698,0.0002249718,0.002596553,0.00003097346,0.00004037164,0.0004445477],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002798724,0.0001741014,0.9972321,0.00001031896,0.00001548162,0.000004131436,0.0000553035,0.0004839827,0.0006231462,0.00102135,0.00001088722,0.00008926037],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9970304,0.0001886153,0.00079673,0.0007974156,0.00004707144,0.0001268591,0.0002201269,0.00001449626,0.0007783009],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991642,0.00004332198,0.0002330691,0.0002455258,0.00001185971,2.84393e-7,0.00028591,5.98956e-7,0.00001521437],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002133831,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6103325,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2150461145","doi":"10.1666/13022","title":"Quantifying the process and abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Extinction event; Phanerozoic; Facies; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Paleontology; Geology; Biodiversity; Permian–Triassic extinction event; Permian; Ecology; Biology; Cenozoic; Biological dispersal","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02083161762967526,"gpt":0.2434788601125673,"spread":0.2226472424828921,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001947101,0.00008045188,0.0001189135,0.00002325847,0.0002348643,0.00001306631,0.0002097393,0.00009332976,0.0003803792],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003719005,0.00003810073,0.0000379274,0.0001038886,0.0005837621,0.000078886,0.000001775794,0.000133331,0.00001058981],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":3.388741e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002003648,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004352472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006139413,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993122,0.0001603048,0.0001466937,0.0001466172,0.00005298614,0.0001811642],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994996,0.0002063093,0.00009309857,0.0001427392,0.00002950137,0.00002877184],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006956173,0.000002664184,0.9299863,0.00001220663,0.00001104944,3.339555e-7,0.0002296842,0.00001007595,0.0006028132,0.0000808798,0.00001248822,0.06904455],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008721708,0.00004217061,0.9968301,0.000005989486,0.000008941429,0.0000287206,0.0003837349,0.000403073,0.0003556281,0.001673038,0.0001274629,0.00005393823],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785941,0.00296841,0.00002681278,0.0008455486,0.0003071576,0.0001757229,0.000008987428,0.00001113278,0.01706212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997798,0.00004868253,0.00004266203,0.00006814378,0.00003718015,0.000004461403,0.00000247569,4.189919e-7,0.00001619045],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06899061,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4164885,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2130029749","doi":"10.1666/12051","title":"Population structure of the oldest known macroscopic communities from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Taxon; Ecology; Benthic zone; Population; Invertebrate; Geography; Biota; Paleontology; Biology; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01177177711450002,"gpt":0.2080981781738189,"spread":0.1963264010593189,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004563916,0.0001063535,0.0001930044,0.00003013621,0.00018683,0.00001836959,0.0003010837,0.0001480847,0.0023858],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001745737,0.00006544036,0.00005489591,0.00007342511,0.0003289941,0.00009003512,0.000003273703,0.0001653774,0.00001638897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001287019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001551922,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.08890902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4085718,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999227,0.000230419,0.0001943898,0.0001093882,0.00005302557,0.0001857273],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993213,0.0002416524,0.0001182734,0.0002552246,0.00002663735,0.00003684407],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000819332,0.00000387492,0.9904262,0.000005457834,0.0000209391,2.455563e-7,0.0003101466,0.00001366629,0.0006860162,0.00007385309,0.00007105434,0.008380314],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000170277,0.00005233523,0.9914275,0.00001097529,0.00001135238,0.000006128441,0.0001948337,0.0001086178,0.0000821323,0.00775825,0.0001021657,0.00007541687],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885533,0.001836012,0.000007156843,0.0001854173,0.0004369794,0.0001459122,0.0002585972,0.00001454507,0.008562009],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994341,0.00001901854,0.0002147924,0.00008247085,0.00005835434,7.521407e-7,0.0001603442,6.300853e-7,0.00002949832],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3196628,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985262,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2117615370","doi":"10.1666/05026.1","title":"Inferring natural selection in a fossil threespine stickleback","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":90,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Northern British Columbia","funders":"Earthwatch Institute","keywords":"Stickleback; Gasterosteus; Natural selection; Fossil Record; Selection (genetic algorithm); Natural (archaeology); Lineage (genetic); Paleontology; Taphonomy; Fish <Actinopterygii>; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Directional selection; Stabilizing selection; Geology; Fishery; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Gene; Genetics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007490507279549538,"gpt":0.2074170232938495,"spread":0.1999265160142999,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001306245,0.00009861742,0.0001594899,0.0000980414,0.00009776777,0.000007488871,0.00007681048,0.00008718851,0.0004274535],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004605574,0.00008047393,0.00002933197,0.0001940664,0.0001195816,0.00005748386,0.000005836826,0.0001643977,0.0001831399],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004741462,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001785801,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003500679,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.5669601,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992016,0.00008610007,0.0001825723,0.0001942917,0.00004117486,0.0002942861],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997475,0.0001166145,0.00004439692,0.00004759971,0.00002202698,0.00002187975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002188319,0.000008103195,0.9958919,0.000003969513,0.000005962055,0.000004766972,0.00003091547,0.0005195962,0.0001112371,0.0002419898,0.0002899633,0.002869658],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002920422,0.00006299294,0.9928207,0.000004702226,0.000003820905,0.00002691291,0.00003274649,0.002865941,0.00001426916,0.00092868,0.002847182,0.00009998547],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9630558,0.004871393,0.00008625865,0.0002839616,0.0004176096,0.00008721388,0.00000667626,0.00005475634,0.03113629],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990399,0.00003860581,0.0003322905,0.0001061309,0.0001443548,0.000001852296,0.0000299157,0.000001110133,0.0003057657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5634594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5292003,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2032223644","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0625:stadat>2.0.co;2","title":"Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":85,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Trilobite; Ordovician; Extinction event; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Paleontology; Laurentia; Gamma diversity; Clade; Species richness; Alpha diversity; Geology; Paleozoic; Ecology; Diversity (politics); Beta diversity; Geography; Biology; Phylogenetics; Biological dispersal; Demography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0115265818314027,"gpt":0.1939794310298886,"spread":0.1824528491984859,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003606941,0.0001109966,0.0001829316,0.00003912722,0.001012642,0.00001314911,0.0001722625,0.0001303779,0.003118474],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000180579,0.00007052033,0.00006416852,0.00009314262,0.000777474,0.00008365223,0.000004105602,0.000157706,0.00007523299],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":8.111452e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000957704,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009079724,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01735828,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990185,0.0002982663,0.0001366603,0.0002283111,0.00005616868,0.000262125],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994444,0.0002956644,0.00004586694,0.0001344068,0.00001000028,0.00006966291],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002402565,0.000003468717,0.7355353,0.000001720075,0.00002272382,0.000006702657,0.000299928,0.000005150878,0.00000792762,0.000137557,0.0000258877,0.2637134],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008576405,0.00009738693,0.9894735,0.000001753705,0.00002396223,0.00004048427,0.00007019357,0.0002339217,0.000005392818,0.003602571,0.0055003,0.00009285092],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8440384,0.005049767,0.00002463773,0.0009633237,0.0002230589,0.0001314169,0.00002992258,0.00003399562,0.1495055],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988355,0.0005018424,0.00008769899,0.0002977204,0.00009601058,0.000001112316,0.00001393216,3.975661e-7,0.0001657778],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2636206,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977928,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2598969013","doi":"10.1017/pab.2016.51","title":"Recognizing sexual dimorphism in the fossil record: lessons from nonavian dinosaurs","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Museum of Nature","funders":"","keywords":"Sexual dimorphism; Biology; Fossil Record; Evolutionary biology; Taxon; Zoology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08160579580757268,"gpt":0.3055667726968086,"spread":0.2239609768892359,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004004751,0.0001421033,0.0002351904,0.00004751815,0.0007695996,0.00005009077,0.0006446171,0.0001496794,0.0006172959],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002562824,0.00009328156,0.00004253319,0.00004868105,0.0004631772,0.0001032582,0.00002480918,0.0002869823,0.0004199637],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002605635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000226834,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01729084,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6655569,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987324,0.0002833859,0.0002054238,0.0003355277,0.00006882264,0.0003743907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987506,0.0006075894,0.0001464404,0.0004291797,0.00001819983,0.00004797817],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001999773,0.000009163767,0.9317184,0.000001625967,0.00001776977,0.00002581146,0.0006293346,0.000002047877,0.00001828979,0.00005571618,0.00102369,0.06647813],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000277498,0.00007327187,0.9814932,0.000007982316,0.00001225083,0.00001240408,0.0008339321,0.0001143166,0.000002187339,0.001679361,0.01536173,0.0001318259],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9420063,0.002084293,0.00001842113,0.01261564,0.001312585,0.0001280511,0.0001740778,0.00002543026,0.0416352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983764,0.0002115497,0.0002428234,0.0006115143,0.0002664672,0.000004866194,0.00007706902,0.000001750041,0.0002075594],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6482661,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9892531,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3008824536","doi":"10.1017/pab.2019.42","title":"The Burgess Shale paleocommunity with new insights from Marble Canyon, British Columbia","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":82,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Canyon; Geology; Oil shale; Archaeology; Paleontology; National park; Geography; Geomorphology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01479385707246622,"gpt":0.1848738197256494,"spread":0.1700799626531831,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000889484,0.0001294336,0.0002659552,0.00001022856,0.0007426994,0.000179695,0.0005408073,0.0001825745,0.001052438],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005897211,0.0001156821,0.00005990028,0.0001665641,0.0003982922,0.00009832214,0.000006068111,0.0004073086,0.00004009041],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001085659,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001193039,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2379449,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9529114,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987248,0.0002769695,0.0002159108,0.0003156874,0.00009490983,0.0003717428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987612,0.0005739772,0.00009729327,0.0002594741,0.00003235672,0.0002756976],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005967556,0.00000642854,0.9409971,0.000003290702,0.00005771691,0.00004333824,0.0002548189,0.000002832841,0.00001630265,0.00001056333,0.002067226,0.05648075],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004019914,0.0002728536,0.9914716,0.00001172825,0.00002009244,0.00003197721,0.000275128,0.00009303766,0.000009531852,0.001316973,0.005915939,0.000179078],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9577339,0.01270886,0.00005395439,0.000642064,0.0002241262,0.00018073,0.0001671212,0.00006895414,0.02822031],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985678,0.0003621171,0.0001910484,0.0004576587,0.000187637,0.000003015126,0.00010082,0.000001459515,0.0001284976],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7149665,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998608,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2111711410","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0735:ebmfst>2.0.co;2","title":"Estimating body mass from silhouettes: testing the assumption of elliptical body cross-sections","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum","funders":"","keywords":"Vertebrate; Computation; Tuna; Surface (topology); Body shape; Body weight; Body surface; Geology; Paleontology; Computer science; Biology; Mathematics; Geometry; Algorithm; Fish <Actinopterygii>; Fishery; Artificial intelligence","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03473608878429177,"gpt":0.268023693133091,"spread":0.2332876043487992,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000418311,0.0001474423,0.0002404952,0.00005665588,0.0003919772,0.00001318364,0.0002839578,0.0002651854,0.001150021],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006379134,0.0001014971,0.00006688285,0.0002071991,0.0007383451,0.00009466738,0.00001416032,0.0002946102,0.0003733828],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004515037,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000393422,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001165545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001863437,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984956,0.0003174642,0.0003808567,0.0003287657,0.00007295098,0.0004043881],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974758,0.001989446,0.0001665339,0.0002329083,0.00007167637,0.00006363387],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005214294,0.00001587068,0.990337,0.000003474234,0.00003576413,0.000009812376,0.00003389702,0.004670316,0.002702005,0.0001015434,0.00004765084,0.00199052],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000178032,0.0001662594,0.9283013,0.000007941419,0.00002452115,0.0001113712,0.00003461718,0.06613502,0.00005528103,0.004269608,0.0006061086,0.0001099826],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9854035,0.0007801363,0.003850192,0.0003492282,0.001037193,0.0001205284,0.0001029554,0.00006631348,0.008289963],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9939353,0.00002993206,0.005061523,0.0001538914,0.0004920313,0.000004081362,0.0002508027,0.000002496941,0.00006987794],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06203575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2125956055","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.61","title":"The geological completeness of paleontological sampling in North America","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":78,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","keywords":"Geology; Paleontology; Sedimentary rock; Phanerozoic; Extinction event; Cretaceous; Biostratigraphy; Geologic time scale; Stratigraphic unit; Structural basin; Cenozoic; Biological dispersal","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03429576039261449,"gpt":0.2532789230734951,"spread":0.2189831626808806,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002790618,0.0001129829,0.0002882027,0.00004204646,0.0002064437,0.000005736679,0.0003176778,0.000133711,0.0004829257],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003517273,0.00006262413,0.00005413701,0.0001934759,0.001260546,0.00002178705,0.00001957039,0.0003638409,0.00007564494],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":8.253564e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001811133,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000559381,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.642758,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988269,0.0001993176,0.0003189314,0.000222639,0.00006288481,0.0003693799],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980786,0.001540454,0.0001122678,0.0001757113,0.00004240488,0.00005050443],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004932053,0.00001274811,0.9858717,0.000002538077,0.00001013504,0.000004655542,0.00008290807,0.00009516052,0.00005296892,0.0003814491,0.00002190526,0.01341454],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001655933,0.000115478,0.9843836,0.000001097943,0.000003989462,0.00001969703,0.000193635,0.0004156843,0.000001777785,0.0005288168,0.01408778,0.00008288765],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9884441,0.001161887,0.00008283384,0.000666187,0.0005236566,0.0001050682,0.00002748873,0.00002278907,0.008966007],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988009,0.0002503186,0.0006361236,0.0001980522,0.00005595805,0.000003505225,0.00003768521,7.89921e-7,0.00001667688],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6421986,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5287698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3195240373","doi":"10.1017/pab.2021.28","title":"Our past creates our present: a brief overview of racism and colonialism in Western paleontology","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"History of Science and Natural History","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Paleontological Society","keywords":"Indigenous; Colonialism; Oppression; Conversation; Racism; Environmental ethics; Sociology; History; Ecology; Archaeology; Political science; Biology; Law; Gender studies; Politics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06416654993160183,"gpt":0.294200288743279,"spread":0.2300337388116772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001750022,0.0001236161,0.0003776278,0.0001124447,0.00011715,0.00001293493,0.0001403379,0.0001084048,0.0001388138],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000038314,0.0001087373,0.00005670747,0.00004728432,0.00029746,0.0001089916,0.0000556725,0.0001501303,0.00002762209],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002255571,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005112959,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003799231,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03016298,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989483,0.0001653628,0.0002772773,0.0002932666,0.00006666477,0.0002491386],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995273,0.00005894405,0.0001130426,0.0001574338,0.00009061304,0.00005270696],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004087123,0.0008535748,0.624622,0.0009771442,0.0002041597,0.0009975135,0.2058963,0.000005004321,0.01201001,0.0882121,0.03087226,0.03494131],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007530857,0.0002086599,0.09597226,0.00007186503,0.00002509402,0.00007321655,0.004508377,0.000005553582,0.0001065805,0.0007340266,0.8973189,0.0002223702],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9523497,0.03381285,8.995481e-7,0.003243863,0.001085158,0.0001314185,0.00003673461,0.00002326069,0.009316064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911361,0.0006349727,0.00002496973,0.000445269,0.0002722858,0.00001278522,0.00001387276,0.000005739475,0.007454022],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8664467,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.987534,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2785013652","doi":"10.1017/pab.2017.35","title":"Spatial analyses of Ediacaran communities at Mistaken Point","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Taxon; Interspecific competition; Ecology; Competition (biology); Geography; Habitat; Range (aeronautics); Biology; Paleontology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05389650210841031,"gpt":0.2840375700495098,"spread":0.2301410679410995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001811845,0.0001066296,0.0002520606,0.00008224994,0.0001886102,0.000005625122,0.0002319204,0.0001258197,0.002609296],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002471882,0.00008254938,0.00008566193,0.00008310704,0.001220427,0.00004163169,0.000003342879,0.00009211597,0.00006667188],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.925916e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002208865,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007492595,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.109007,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991308,0.0002243575,0.000223826,0.0001225481,0.00005816671,0.0002402878],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993025,0.0002695092,0.0001069691,0.0002125053,0.0000505914,0.00005791064],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001052729,0.000008976534,0.9791095,0.000006722675,0.00005441708,0.00000272833,0.0005861197,0.000002150105,0.0009479459,0.00004404864,0.0002000732,0.01893202],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001942809,0.0004361394,0.995096,0.00000538729,0.00002258682,0.00002100546,0.0002828471,0.0001653809,0.002545747,0.0004836845,0.0006514204,0.00009547706],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8739349,0.002365024,0.0000763831,0.00008637552,0.0003254842,0.00005341596,0.0001046845,0.00001982708,0.1230339],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993769,0.00005186386,0.0002659844,0.00006209286,0.0001487613,6.279694e-7,0.00006207052,4.961132e-7,0.00003120208],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.125442,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2165047391","doi":"10.1666/12056","title":"Diversity and species abundance patterns of the Early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang Biota from China","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":73,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Biota; Ecology; Paleoecology; Paleontology; Geology; Abundance (ecology); Precambrian; Lagerstätte; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01216054859318291,"gpt":0.1758754998832708,"spread":0.1637149512900879,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007226649,0.0001060426,0.0001829543,0.00002633219,0.0006183935,0.0000117446,0.0002656266,0.0001054779,0.0007528576],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002107618,0.00006887591,0.00005160844,0.00005551311,0.000510626,0.0001461462,0.00003361522,0.0001277045,0.000008882801],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":6.804871e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009174576,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02352204,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04337525,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992923,0.0001198131,0.0001318735,0.0001947804,0.00005760465,0.0002036216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995586,0.00009598282,0.00009627242,0.0001804719,0.00001580787,0.00005292288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001422822,0.000004425024,0.9949313,0.000006597159,0.00002742808,0.00000183608,0.001365705,5.201541e-7,0.0003381683,0.0001331182,0.00001134632,0.003165294],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001392916,0.00008084164,0.9986153,0.000008069141,0.000009146704,0.00000346051,0.0002284039,0.00001047004,0.0002270927,0.0004918257,0.000100452,0.00008563481],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.991546,0.001676666,0.00001140904,0.0002991227,0.0002861739,0.0001208903,0.0003406438,0.00001283499,0.005706217],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994676,0.0001268575,0.00006342391,0.0000284248,0.00004360859,6.411601e-7,0.000007827504,4.530304e-7,0.0002611376],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01985321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9829804,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2102871527","doi":"10.1666/09018.1","title":"Carcasses on the coastline: measuring the ecological fidelity of the cetacean stranding record in the eastern North Pacific Ocean","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Marine animal studies overview","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Geography; Marine ecosystem; Assemblage (archaeology); Oceanography; Fishery; Taphonomy; Invertebrate; Marine life; Ecology; Ecosystem; Archaeology; Geology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03853983836649902,"gpt":0.2409994256747345,"spread":0.2024595873082355,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001335121,0.0001508802,0.0001928556,0.00000865752,0.0003238955,0.00001652482,0.001003613,0.0000669508,0.0004366162],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003927052,0.00005320386,0.0001018359,0.0002109985,0.0006409106,0.00002600071,0.0004937352,0.0005873286,0.00005518596],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002886179,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008738644,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001002828,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0972317,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983539,0.0006089212,0.0002853703,0.0002651665,0.0001805463,0.0003060776],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983321,0.0009677938,0.0001458874,0.000522381,0.0000100972,0.00002173609],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001816333,0.00005046759,0.9962413,0.000004444186,0.000009190338,0.000001569818,0.0004019442,0.00002706378,0.0002470847,0.000172935,0.0003168994,0.0025089],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001075153,0.00009282681,0.9885801,0.000005345514,0.00001127424,0.000006218529,0.0006815898,0.0000911842,0.00004462978,0.0002405873,0.01006776,0.00007097979],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9846553,0.00002969459,0.000001911664,0.003531371,0.0002156298,0.0004262295,0.000007999074,0.000009253119,0.01112266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991715,0.00006385511,0.00001069833,0.0006184328,0.00006003787,0.00001812555,0.000001146257,0.000005314481,0.00005090294],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09622887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9192415,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2179453556","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0271:rotmfi>2.0.co;2","title":"Reconstruction of Tertiary<i>Metasequoia</i>forests. II. Structure, biomass, and productivity of Eocene floodplain forests in the Canadian Arctic","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Andrew W. Mellon Foundation","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Productivity; Canopy; Forest structure; Arctic; Forestry; Ecology; Geography; Geology; Physical geography; Environmental science; Paleontology; Archaeology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01385832472548821,"gpt":0.2221868124233946,"spread":0.2083284876979064,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009144093,0.0001194681,0.0002746882,0.0002565098,0.0001734736,0.000004582629,0.0001805015,0.0002047715,0.0002979924],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004231966,0.00008144069,0.00003177241,0.000293443,0.0009525822,0.00006553245,0.000008671539,0.000243863,0.000004580867],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002319625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001859265,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04319406,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9749271,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998278,0.0007165747,0.0002730188,0.0002672561,0.00007507105,0.0003900479],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992302,0.0003066684,0.0001078679,0.0002266272,0.00005444486,0.00007416807],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003293278,0.00001187189,0.9978074,0.00004935658,0.00002204835,0.00001115328,0.0001478307,0.00002503645,0.00009139434,0.0005423691,0.000009308456,0.00124931],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000282565,0.0001698245,0.9876481,0.000009640522,0.00001311001,0.0006955744,0.00005278535,0.00005195535,0.001042265,0.009867601,0.00008810911,0.00007843885],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969253,0.001208688,0.00000156336,0.0004098025,0.0002019053,0.0002637326,0.00008771654,0.000003669861,0.0008976225],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996352,0.00003119292,0.0001840497,0.00003970874,0.00001481809,0.000002523464,0.00008329897,0.000001648493,0.00000759099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.931733,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9631774,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2179073426","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0669:csoqcr>2.0.co;2","title":"Community structure of Quaternary coral reefs compared with Recent life and death assemblages","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Laurentian University; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Reef; Coral reef; Environmental issues with coral reefs; Ecology; Geology; Fringing reef; Biodiversity; Paleontology; Oceanography; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02838914509905545,"gpt":0.2421607358170216,"spread":0.2137715907179661,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007843757,0.0001047999,0.0002311603,0.00001337699,0.0001175647,0.00000391248,0.0001259001,0.00004256736,0.0002660819],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002348764,0.00007008711,0.00001316274,0.00006937191,0.0001519717,0.00003561538,0.0002906374,0.0001249501,0.000009761523],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001708887,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004166117,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002605568,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01166654,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993592,0.0001564317,0.0001422408,0.000131358,0.0000528919,0.0001579153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996221,0.00005848671,0.00008399336,0.0001691665,0.00001078416,0.00005547006],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009229106,0.00003389711,0.9913009,0.00001064252,0.00002025905,0.000004281386,0.0002184818,0.000009117171,0.006424391,0.00001955507,0.0003946859,0.001471539],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003228231,0.0003141638,0.9934996,0.000008563746,0.00001027223,0.00005135342,0.0002434628,0.00004869462,0.0002145778,0.0002567664,0.004934654,0.00009506991],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968477,0.000140789,0.00001799474,0.0002707875,0.00006511473,0.0001160064,0.00001058508,0.00001808628,0.00251292],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993988,0.0002041929,0.0001299782,0.00009227053,0.00001697358,0.000003351225,0.00001456897,0.000004168738,0.000135701],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009060971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6510203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1995031769","doi":"10.1666/07081.1","title":"Preservation of spatial and environmental gradients by death assemblages","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"Environmental gradient; Ordination; Ecology; Abundance (ecology); Ecosystem; Spatial ecology; Relative species abundance; Spatial variability; Biology; Geography; Habitat","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01269305252347057,"gpt":0.2237251978652315,"spread":0.2110321453417609,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001492469,0.00006945596,0.0001391957,0.00004059222,0.00006382493,0.000002947202,0.00009839126,0.0001199622,0.0004356198],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002694525,0.0000570232,0.00001693946,0.00002679217,0.0001632399,0.00005896427,0.000006987026,0.00009152178,0.00003283488],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":3.119916e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005659716,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001497086,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005447697,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993266,0.0001314644,0.0001227825,0.0001669586,0.00004907605,0.0002030497],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999684,0.0001305679,0.00004661394,0.00008468451,0.000005248643,0.00004891893],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003986148,0.00001800854,0.9958795,0.000003181782,0.000008229709,0.000003015244,0.00004216278,0.000004237464,0.0007990335,0.00004041292,0.0000649736,0.003097431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002125303,0.0004027014,0.9969342,0.000001680228,0.000005369804,0.00002687769,0.00001913381,0.0004302269,0.0005583361,0.001113587,0.000240983,0.00005436285],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962296,0.001155517,0.00004351958,0.0002576346,0.0000580116,0.00008446853,0.0000447582,0.000008023263,0.00211843],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990717,0.0002517357,0.00005864155,0.0001010758,0.00001452443,5.038535e-7,0.0004043473,6.135116e-7,0.0000969051],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003043068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4769732,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2145733612","doi":"10.1666/04014.1","title":"Structure and function of hindlimb feathers in <i>Archaeopteryx lithographica</i>","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Feather; Anatomy; Biology; Wing; Tibia; Flight feather; Keel; Arboreal locomotion; Cursorial; Form and function; Geology; Zoology; Paleontology; Evolutionary biology; Structural engineering; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004612510712652063,"gpt":0.175011917909542,"spread":0.17039940719689,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001299053,0.0000900606,0.0001797129,0.0001291351,0.00004190235,0.000001471243,0.00007435785,0.0002017503,0.0003111096],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001160584,0.00007133282,0.00002613612,0.0001393709,0.0004760591,0.00004263259,0.000006365054,0.0001262364,0.000005858977],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000100101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001285119,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001408007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04895978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992237,0.0001440736,0.0001789318,0.0002070478,0.00002870433,0.0002175067],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996784,0.0001368245,0.00006085524,0.0000845157,0.00001324529,0.00002621345],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000111963,0.000007799636,0.991761,0.000006806528,0.000007873223,0.000003927617,0.0000291852,0.00008120394,0.0005732909,0.0005837192,0.00002841587,0.006804807],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002656037,0.0002135505,0.985669,0.000003347013,0.000006535515,0.00004452795,0.00002507482,0.0001312546,0.00003579212,0.01264268,0.0008888093,0.00007388003],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929034,0.003497129,0.00003973421,0.0001829447,0.0002152277,0.00007215572,0.00007462176,0.00001334588,0.003001451],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993494,0.00009537048,0.0002206066,0.00008952576,0.00005251269,7.005476e-7,0.000166715,9.275349e-7,0.00002431416],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04755177,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9683942,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2174549194","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0251:sseoem>2.0.co;2","title":"Swimming speed estimation of extinct marine reptiles: energetic approach revisited","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","field":"Engineering","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum","funders":"","keywords":"Extant taxon; Ectotherm; Macroevolution; Mesozoic; Paleontology; Biology; Ecology; Metabolic rate; Phylogenetic tree; Evolutionary biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01461235306111973,"gpt":0.1959462385944643,"spread":0.1813338855333445,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001452283,0.0001361088,0.0002557549,0.0001133044,0.00002620706,0.00000545595,0.0001208557,0.00015211,0.001360148],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004243432,0.0001192303,0.00005769839,0.0001821269,0.00003859901,0.00002901459,0.00003528872,0.0001004395,0.0001002345],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001221461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001589978,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003396661,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.349288e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992043,0.00004836019,0.0003176946,0.0001736678,0.00005920968,0.0001967411],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995876,0.0000467437,0.00005741925,0.0002416318,0.00002456216,0.00004203529],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004726087,0.0002199343,0.002995034,0.001151882,0.0002066202,0.00001836926,0.001096449,0.0180317,0.4523886,0.00488912,0.002924374,0.5160307],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005702492,0.0001452222,0.001429793,0.00003645381,0.00004647203,0.00005905333,0.00003603235,0.934362,0.05988221,0.001091436,0.002003466,0.0003376069],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8260698,0.002251537,0.06744185,0.00009339372,0.001000313,0.0005850167,0.000019773,0.0006773976,0.101861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9780165,0.0001683627,0.0213278,0.00001829314,0.00005698935,0.000007079366,0.00006107152,0.00001814939,0.000325769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9163303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995527,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972092016","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:nchacc]2.0.co;2","title":"Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"College of Family Physicians of Canada; University of Toronto","funders":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","keywords":"Nasal cavity; Anatomy; Biology; Olfactory system; Nasal vestibule; Crest; Neuroscience","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00689098283495386,"gpt":0.1872535500445758,"spread":0.180362567209622,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002079612,0.0001309362,0.0001978453,0.000117236,0.00008999577,0.000007898539,0.00008791927,0.000255832,0.0003331246],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003348196,0.0001043211,0.00003599061,0.0001157577,0.0004863373,0.00007317055,0.00001402645,0.000202101,0.0002083869],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003479988,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002143764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004783012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1301461,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989366,0.0001695397,0.0001911921,0.0003227593,0.00003274057,0.0003472012],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996103,0.0002149959,0.00003677141,0.00009153437,0.00001193448,0.00003448002],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001602671,0.00001516426,0.9950418,0.000007824834,0.000009014151,0.00005397841,0.00001205182,0.00006865265,0.0002008335,0.001053313,0.0002828153,0.003094236],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002954195,0.000245557,0.982644,0.000003438197,0.00001113507,0.0001698033,0.00002169316,0.0002709953,0.00000630209,0.01334172,0.002866366,0.0001235723],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855873,0.005198906,0.00003401939,0.0006248323,0.0008116828,0.00008779755,0.0000724331,0.00006916761,0.007513835],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990278,0.0001178502,0.0001047357,0.0001112213,0.0002296435,0.000002909735,0.0002513572,0.000001539124,0.0001529073],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1253631,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8857265,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124314669","doi":"10.1666/11042","title":"Porosity and water vapor conductance of two <i>Troodon formosus</i> eggs: an assessment of incubation strategy in a maniraptoran dinosaur","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Conductance; Incubation; Egg incubation; Bird egg; Extant taxon; Volume (thermodynamics); Biology; Geology; Ecology; Mathematics; Physics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01828722728379008,"gpt":0.2804487569944272,"spread":0.2621615297106372,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003006688,0.0001130724,0.0002969648,0.00008337978,0.0000443933,0.000003173934,0.0001269235,0.0001546099,0.0006580736],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009577344,0.00007937665,0.00002350813,0.00006442265,0.0003457997,0.0002229862,0.00001133778,0.0001185946,0.000009719984],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003341922,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002697381,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00320288,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02554333,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988552,0.0002489389,0.0003367134,0.0002439118,0.00004530213,0.0002699304],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995492,0.00009238652,0.0001211171,0.0001334702,0.00005068207,0.0000532164],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003442607,0.00003780425,0.9743923,0.00002219559,0.00001188299,0.000002051246,0.00009824037,0.0001198584,0.02288782,0.0004896065,0.000008258678,0.001895573],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005633194,0.0007000543,0.9878684,0.00000562282,0.000007359371,0.00002715354,0.0001072763,0.001705469,0.0008413543,0.008066704,0.00001275775,0.00009453244],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969375,0.000426179,0.00007802613,0.00009263471,0.0001190891,0.0002126057,0.00005513176,0.00000946099,0.002069354],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991013,0.00006659186,0.0003957524,0.00006263937,0.00002413441,0.000004909752,0.0003317902,0.000001287202,0.00001153574],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02234045,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.992238,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2097027987","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0113:feaosa>2.0.co;2","title":"Finite-element analysis of simulated ammonoid septa (extinct Cephalopoda): septal and sutural complexities do not reduce strength","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Cephalopods and Marine Biology","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Geology; Paleontology; Anatomy; Mesozoic; Finite element method; RADIUS; Curvature; Structural basin; Biology; Geometry; Structural engineering; Mathematics; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03204756734695557,"gpt":0.2408175980811211,"spread":0.2087700307341656,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001809629,0.000247353,0.000616065,0.00007169285,0.0001474518,0.00002301506,0.0002414625,0.0001872226,0.005553097],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008132526,0.0001065038,0.0002888485,0.000539571,0.0003691005,0.00004744027,0.0002008505,0.0001372324,0.00001700924],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001552121,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003519577,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005446285,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003222592,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983109,0.000201346,0.0004733897,0.0004838929,0.00009541988,0.0004350789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988298,0.0006455398,0.0002120126,0.0001133269,0.00008915899,0.0001101142],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003823118,0.0006988193,0.5649583,0.00004249636,0.002863041,0.00002696628,0.0009550069,0.0003713392,0.1679714,0.003269163,0.001235367,0.2572258],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006995733,0.001432108,0.9537164,0.000009725059,0.0006137943,0.00001426274,0.0008758017,0.009029091,0.001603502,0.0002733125,0.03115323,0.00057918],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962314,0.0006118805,0.000002659656,0.0005223737,0.0001380577,0.0001667616,0.0003699812,0.00005112967,0.001905715],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983724,0.0002281146,0.00007971417,0.0001780967,0.0001396265,0.000006816675,0.0005963863,0.000001436082,0.0003974407],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3887581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.995356,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2175742243","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0007:aflasc>2.0.co;2","title":"A fresh look at sideritic “coprolites”","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Conservation, Food and Health Foundation","keywords":"Overbank; Siderite; Paleontology; Geology; Fluvial; Cretaceous; Vertebrate; Permian; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01459682551292893,"gpt":0.2121992019242081,"spread":0.1976023764112791,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.000179152,0.0001500588,0.0002295275,0.00007389657,0.0002323969,0.000004734812,0.0002156424,0.0002607766,0.01964338],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008504814,0.0001226269,0.00006552922,0.0001245685,0.0004779331,0.00006373483,0.0000187722,0.0001505649,0.005368535],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006078631,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003051635,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003445129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0261436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986106,0.0001977662,0.0002136645,0.0003632893,0.00004825568,0.0005663832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992837,0.0002984439,0.00005494878,0.0002129772,0.00002649776,0.0001234379],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001110176,0.00001164903,0.9940264,0.00000350615,0.00002000145,0.0001034063,0.00003398147,0.00003337357,0.0002445844,0.0001988326,0.001521967,0.003691293],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002743577,0.0001896296,0.9312268,0.000002745581,0.000009659842,0.001214263,0.00003233667,0.0003287361,0.00002140927,0.003536182,0.06300646,0.0001574594],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9089007,0.005198668,0.00004454094,0.0009000535,0.0006110505,0.0001082707,0.00005656226,0.00008701849,0.08409307],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960682,0.0003446145,0.0002477748,0.001326593,0.0002131626,0.000003833553,0.0003163743,0.000002046979,0.001477427],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08716741,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9954059,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2028175901","doi":"10.1666/10052.1","title":"Shell geometry and habitat determination in extinct and extant turtles (Reptilia: Testudinata)","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"University of Oxford","keywords":"Paleoecology; Turtle (robot); Biology; Range (aeronautics); Extant taxon; Ecology; Habitat; Paleontology; Taphonomy; Taxon; Forelimb; Terrestrial locomotion; Evolutionary biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02345442627629273,"gpt":0.210979075029906,"spread":0.1875246487536133,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000305548,0.0001246702,0.0002055631,0.0001524906,0.00008780065,0.000003615467,0.00009274314,0.0002027147,0.0005099914],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001230162,0.00009989478,0.00001624638,0.0001057088,0.0004937216,0.000100201,0.0000215008,0.0001418892,0.00005506772],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002340386,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001274408,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003094604,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02205092,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990016,0.0001552882,0.0001867472,0.000335769,0.00002787297,0.0002926725],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994456,0.0003208223,0.00005587046,0.00009767212,0.00001679043,0.00006320717],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005368878,0.00001357677,0.9728684,0.000009329196,0.000006107204,0.00003610047,0.00021165,5.854341e-7,0.0001373369,0.00009061669,0.00001483035,0.02655774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002675345,0.0002837449,0.9952685,0.000005663648,0.000007742531,0.0002564013,0.0001509636,0.0005469763,0.00002463325,0.002752351,0.0003137869,0.0001217565],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9851219,0.006579427,0.0000246611,0.00008633858,0.0002065653,0.000105615,0.0000258262,0.00002108525,0.007828583],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981715,0.0006779992,0.0009327098,0.0001036771,0.00002995548,0.000003101792,0.00003841431,0.000001429234,0.00004121601],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02643598,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9957941,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040391675","doi":"10.1666/09010.1","title":"Biotic influences on species duration: interactions between traits in marine molluscs","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"Biology; Range (aeronautics); Ecology; Trait; Mollusca; Larva; Taxon; Allometry; Zoology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02869436048145257,"gpt":0.2719910552613221,"spread":0.2432966947798695,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003414943,0.0001108369,0.0001912481,0.0001960988,0.0001302234,0.00001452765,0.0002300738,0.0001880868,0.0147057],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002582881,0.00008463321,0.00003314512,0.0001912773,0.000316494,0.00008015645,0.00002555316,0.0005809494,0.000954491],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002655687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003912753,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003789138,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09057084,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989693,0.0001476293,0.0002415507,0.0002602301,0.00004906622,0.0003322498],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990371,0.0006921647,0.00005288565,0.0001215242,0.00002346324,0.00007280362],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003971928,0.0000201763,0.9886352,0.000003370824,0.00001231636,0.00001072375,0.00004009007,0.00001982729,0.0004271508,0.0002463953,0.00008403046,0.010461],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001736926,0.0002762247,0.9925144,0.000002062464,0.000003271468,0.00002117732,0.00003207559,0.00006872928,0.0001449345,0.0009273804,0.00574148,0.00009455004],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9659929,0.000009713503,9.981242e-7,0.001547466,0.0005828546,0.0001186184,0.00002348976,0.00002396451,0.03169997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981302,0.00001845618,0.0001090694,0.000212209,0.000297941,0.00000333945,0.000196885,0.00000146636,0.001030423],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09019193,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998234,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2121625232","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.51","title":"The completeness of the continental fossil record and its impact on patterns of diversification","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Continental shelf; Continental margin; Paleontology; Geology; Continental drift; Species richness; Devonian; Continental crust; Diversification (marketing strategy); Ecology; Earth science; Oceanography; Geography; Biology; Tectonics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01841056836108681,"gpt":0.2479641947602308,"spread":0.229553626399144,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001489103,0.00005391826,0.0001079757,0.00001408731,0.0001617561,0.000002438269,0.0001385547,0.00004609336,0.0001126267],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000646217,0.00002426617,0.00003855673,0.00003527967,0.0002453632,0.00001402275,0.00001084298,0.00009067709,0.000006582875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.961437e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008318139,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006091093,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04755224,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995667,0.0000946698,0.0001192574,0.00008388556,0.0000365997,0.00009885596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993162,0.0004085167,0.0001180277,0.0001040898,0.00003548046,0.00001765224],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004351224,0.000004726422,0.9945931,0.000003550133,0.00001749897,8.552436e-8,0.00008878875,0.000002072311,0.0007654076,0.0002201907,0.00004686974,0.004214164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001386193,0.000100771,0.998318,0.000003428041,0.000007016466,0.000004490537,0.0001323821,0.0001727061,0.0001854184,0.00007564676,0.0008325043,0.00002897563],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969169,0.000442907,0.000002377812,0.0004883784,0.0004957012,0.00008397459,0.000136419,0.000003450402,0.00142988],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997703,0.0001232683,0.000004786154,0.0000301784,0.00002189184,5.399035e-7,0.000007921003,4.505657e-7,0.00004062865],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04694313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9698275,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083329693","doi":"10.1666/06059.1","title":"Craniocervical feeding dynamics of <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i>","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Anatomy; Biology; Neck muscles; Moment of inertia; Head and neck; Extant taxon; Physics; Medicine; Evolutionary biology; Surgery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01000389344827056,"gpt":0.2187018704300167,"spread":0.2086979769817462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000618085,0.0001211673,0.0002611064,0.0001021787,0.00009949745,0.000001885301,0.0002348169,0.0003086337,0.001312321],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008386061,0.0001004587,0.00006921608,0.0001781071,0.0004677953,0.00004899357,0.00001187656,0.0001883217,0.0001785044],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004644156,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000274024,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003865434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01999061,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988187,0.00008937082,0.0003348691,0.0002484827,0.00005903086,0.0004495569],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991429,0.0004678081,0.0001070711,0.0001456047,0.00004628716,0.0000902967],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001684843,0.00001525355,0.9831532,0.000009426984,0.00002164405,0.00001914746,0.00004059316,0.00002570699,0.0003112734,0.002328387,0.00009717224,0.01380972],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002491317,0.0002284285,0.993731,0.000004137305,0.00001142084,0.0001633094,0.00009458414,0.0009236416,0.00007533868,0.00285253,0.001548737,0.0001177509],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9288279,0.001296107,0.001744384,0.0005424455,0.0009418305,0.00008659079,0.0000988891,0.00004801326,0.06641388],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982524,0.00007168727,0.0009198879,0.0002735474,0.0001442357,3.326976e-7,0.000256517,0.000001692549,0.00007970964],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06942452,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996006,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2146502183","doi":"10.1666/06085.1","title":"Woodcutting behavior in beavers (Castoridae, Rodentia): estimating ecological performance in a modern and a fossil taxon","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Ecology and biodiversity studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Canadian Museum of Nature","funders":"","keywords":"Beaver; Castor canadensis; Transect; Assemblage (archaeology); Ecology; Taxon; Biology; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02021211819195066,"gpt":0.2117756786226442,"spread":0.1915635604306935,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001830063,0.0001017101,0.0001784642,0.00004815145,0.0002134849,0.000002749656,0.0001044202,0.000133755,0.00010092],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005908806,0.00009218091,0.00001925492,0.0001081061,0.000439984,0.00009010243,0.000256574,0.0001889642,0.00004908255],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008613339,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005055288,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001369971,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002805734,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991376,0.00006075486,0.0001559531,0.0002921166,0.00004439247,0.0003092106],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997682,0.00007898595,0.00005210181,0.00006611546,0.000002705262,0.00003189136],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001836719,0.00007737666,0.9954792,0.000003531344,0.00000241233,0.00008687303,0.0008246344,0.000287753,0.0003013815,0.000001097578,0.00003105592,0.002886279],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000406992,0.0001521259,0.9958909,0.00000451782,0.000005201038,0.00006743749,0.0001743146,0.003081443,0.00003341446,0.00001848101,0.00006074239,0.0001044484],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984131,0.00007586359,0.0000162435,0.0000687086,0.0001064313,0.0001552721,0.0000022212,0.00001606664,0.001146051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975542,0.00007090108,0.002204646,0.00006604334,0.00001284429,0.0000323098,0.000001836425,0.000001960757,0.00005522308],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00279369,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3759028,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2533084955","doi":"10.1017/pab.2016.54","title":"Relating Ediacaran Fronds","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of Toronto; Geological Survey of Canada","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Cladistics; Frond; Taxon; Clade; Biology; Paleontology; Evolutionary biology; Phylogenetic tree","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02363620800260785,"gpt":0.2479998386633913,"spread":0.2243636306607835,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002160416,0.00009437322,0.0001623852,0.00003557589,0.0007455492,0.00003748326,0.0003712843,0.0001610167,0.000657586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001406285,0.00007585461,0.00006373606,0.00001801963,0.0003800282,0.0001347073,0.00000222782,0.00017508,0.000172012],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":4.359691e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001811238,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005147591,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006850625,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992527,0.00006805443,0.0001358626,0.0002125841,0.00004365084,0.0002871997],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993286,0.000127072,0.0001232373,0.0003343877,0.00001305908,0.0000736838],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001115326,0.00000214605,0.8545561,0.000001728379,0.00001247745,0.00001215281,0.00004803508,0.00000217964,0.00006572146,0.0003062276,0.0001422051,0.1448399],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001829077,0.00007195483,0.9953559,0.000003980801,0.000007238739,0.00002130326,0.00002147169,0.0001822633,0.00004223883,0.002773737,0.001236576,0.0001004226],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5147434,0.001823944,0.00001991477,0.0003039928,0.0006569611,0.00004018249,0.00001824467,0.00002715114,0.4823662],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991218,0.00004532261,0.0004522023,0.00005291198,0.0001997781,7.626538e-7,0.00001203193,4.126291e-7,0.0001147629],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4843784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7200106,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2280424742","doi":"10.1017/pab.2015.17","title":"Paleocommunity Analysis of the Burgess Shale Tulip Beds, Mount Stephen, British Columbia: Comparison with the Walcott Quarry and Implications for Community Variation in the Burgess Shale","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Taxon; Ecology; Biota; Assemblage (archaeology); Geography; Geology; Paleontology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04292149479313565,"gpt":0.2633425430257035,"spread":0.2204210482325678,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001983875,0.0001221046,0.0004104112,0.00006025854,0.0008778494,0.00008678275,0.000808556,0.0001631058,0.00002551913],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000119515,0.00008250575,0.0001032977,0.0006915794,0.0007684308,0.00009069534,0.00001381107,0.0004926189,3.89989e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000005149684,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006695958,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1099814,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8668875,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972234,0.001855445,0.0003443047,0.0001903061,0.0001058352,0.000280739],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968584,0.002051751,0.0002719988,0.0006320543,0.0001273879,0.00005837435],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003776297,0.00008375339,0.9914624,0.00001184123,0.0001943403,3.113937e-7,0.003206452,0.00006894136,0.00001863899,0.0001175695,0.0002226984,0.004575283],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004088235,0.000196621,0.9925525,0.000009919222,0.0002985834,0.00001908357,0.003868918,0.001141155,0.00000167436,0.001265743,0.0001266549,0.0001103561],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933683,0.00235217,0.0002501266,0.0009883533,0.00007569767,0.0006043559,0.0005213154,0.00001291573,0.001826808],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994613,0.00004266656,0.0001089033,0.0001519235,0.00002157844,0.00004788078,0.0001540472,0.000001253353,0.00001046657],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.756906,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8959453,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2199965105","doi":"10.1017/pab.2015.11","title":"Using experimental decay of modern forms to reconstruct the early evolution and morphology of fossil enteropneusts","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Taphonomy; Biology; Extant taxon; Paleontology; Character (mathematics); Fossil Record; Sequence (biology); Genus; Morphology (biology); Evolutionary biology; Zoology; Geometry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06254006872725001,"gpt":0.2801556811501736,"spread":0.2176156124229236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000206263,0.00008561581,0.0002116834,0.00006482878,0.00006616649,0.000002540949,0.0001125773,0.00007998284,0.00004405302],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003703784,0.0000547909,0.00002974155,0.00007743558,0.0004917186,0.00004751919,0.00002349172,0.00005920319,0.000007729383],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004455348,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002927547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008829021,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00615892,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992633,0.0001289876,0.0002159752,0.0001569916,0.00005261373,0.0001821522],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995679,0.00009405209,0.0001060325,0.0001143546,0.00005247697,0.00006520209],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009553563,0.000007692129,0.992786,0.000003437582,0.00002342954,9.87316e-7,0.001138256,0.00009789605,0.003663266,0.0002000605,0.00002798691,0.001955414],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00037405,0.0004957705,0.9945417,0.000006749608,0.00001328517,0.0001220424,0.00105215,0.0008742091,0.001304686,0.001068527,0.00007193683,0.00007489552],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9896486,0.006756242,0.0005737377,0.00008489159,0.0002937943,0.0001229013,0.00003273652,0.000007454898,0.002479596],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992016,0.00001475569,0.000703999,0.00003809967,0.00002226216,0.000001288233,0.000003233524,0.000001186004,0.0000135765],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009552953,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3436822,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3209125731","doi":"10.1017/pab.2021.35","title":"Size-driven preservational and macroecological biases in the latest Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate assemblages of North America","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Royal Ontario Museum; Royal Tyrrell Museum","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dinosaur Research Institute; Government of Alberta","keywords":"Taphonomy; Extinction event; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Abundance (ecology); Taxon; Ecology; Assemblage (archaeology); Cretaceous; Paleontology; Vertebrate; Relative species abundance; Ecosystem; Geology; Geography; Biology; Population","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02738086943653055,"gpt":0.2370212652661064,"spread":0.2096403958295759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001603097,0.0001004011,0.0002240623,0.00003944555,0.00008479627,0.000006293173,0.0001948766,0.0001226637,0.0007956834],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000746122,0.00006548152,0.00003504807,0.0002255395,0.000449914,0.00005429772,0.00002204943,0.0001644095,0.00003087497],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001664362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007686721,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002812809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04814373,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985865,0.0006087182,0.0002340234,0.0002446992,0.0000553358,0.0002707084],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99731,0.002423683,0.00008578624,0.0001171021,0.00002405376,0.00003930651],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008011413,0.00003625575,0.9963533,0.000003369926,0.00001804321,0.00007262939,0.00005805437,0.0007797942,0.00006373231,0.00001922784,0.0002776401,0.002237798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003295068,0.0002589602,0.9954917,0.000003415661,0.00001014336,0.0001021354,0.00007135098,0.001732713,0.00000777892,0.0003063795,0.001611784,0.00007411919],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9955208,0.0008683426,0.000004968661,0.001743159,0.0001909413,0.00009509131,0.0001299776,0.000009152172,0.001437593],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983674,0.0003073046,0.0002590528,0.000485463,0.00007705332,0.000003754104,0.0004778889,8.434943e-7,0.00002124658],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04786246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9692252,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3100968713","doi":"10.1017/pab.2020.47","title":"Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Tyrrell Museum","funders":"","keywords":"Quadrupedalism; Forelimb; Biology; Bipedalism; Body plan; Terrestrial locomotion; Evolutionary biology; Anatomy; Zoology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06315814254034255,"gpt":0.2226108073380342,"spread":0.1594526647976917,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001899146,0.00008704229,0.0002051863,0.00007957369,0.00007970991,0.000002878027,0.0001148391,0.0001449624,0.000559308],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005089808,0.0000676784,0.000022129,0.0001497856,0.0003049472,0.00005131377,0.00001128925,0.0001941008,0.000104242],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001798959,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005230086,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002329879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004884195,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989461,0.0002966781,0.0002734464,0.0002380744,0.00003543311,0.0002102357],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995461,0.0001935122,0.00006203952,0.00007880152,0.00001041058,0.0001091658],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002609182,0.000008995103,0.9962959,0.000009127592,0.00000924074,0.000005778729,0.0003028083,0.00009109709,0.001928507,0.00007703705,0.0002477423,0.0007628368],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002693607,0.0003974675,0.9930455,0.000009258304,0.00000546568,0.00001323315,0.00009895432,0.001112758,0.00004903559,0.0005894567,0.004323841,0.00008564712],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9933283,0.0005258367,0.0001057166,0.004184569,0.0001437644,0.0003205722,0.0001484721,0.00002088387,0.00122188],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986998,0.00002315384,0.0008028774,0.0002009846,0.00008920767,0.000009749328,0.0001473239,0.000001214485,0.00002567764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005371505,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.612403,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2097436616","doi":"10.1666/05073.1","title":"Gigantism in tadpoles of the Neogene frog <i>Palaeobatrachus</i>","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Amphibian and Reptile Biology","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Akademie Věd České Republiky","keywords":"Tadpole (physics); Biology; Metamorphosis; Ecology; Larva; Extant taxon; Neogene; Predation; Zoology; Paleoecology; Paleontology; Evolutionary biology; Structural basin","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003477516286467703,"gpt":0.1782569121695813,"spread":0.1747793958831136,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001198654,0.000091391,0.0001567395,0.00001862996,0.00003486263,0.000001566047,0.0002653151,0.0001385224,0.0005450923],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001369127,0.00005674683,0.00006399311,0.0001430546,0.0006609327,0.00001837391,0.0001345778,0.00009247147,0.0001472825],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002062734,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007040939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007223787,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00429977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991627,0.0001124791,0.0002262336,0.000211387,0.00004955752,0.0002376133],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996219,0.00004560833,0.00008838085,0.0002227549,0.0000024476,0.00001895494],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005399703,0.00003950887,0.8458802,0.000001615638,0.000001893389,0.000002389668,0.00002888379,0.0001124338,0.1510761,0.0003345794,0.0008395823,0.001677435],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002076137,0.00003056532,0.9721333,0.000004085802,0.000003379994,0.00001800392,0.00001706907,0.00001889931,0.01416461,0.001120343,0.01220496,0.00007710604],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9698974,0.0002407874,0.00002312195,0.0003792061,0.0002320397,0.0001128473,0.000008647728,0.00001095369,0.02909495],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988914,0.00002437871,0.0001573333,0.0002175448,0.00005056989,0.000005647297,0.000005976184,0.000004923216,0.0006422231],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1369115,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5968378,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998022456","doi":"10.1666/07079.1","title":"Patristic evolutionary rates suggest a punctuated pattern in forelimb evolution before and after the origin of birds","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Forelimb; Biology; Theropoda; Evolutionary biology; Clade; Phylogenetic tree; Anatomy; Paleontology; Taxon","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007665129876530815,"gpt":0.2180662765331556,"spread":0.2104011466566248,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003100203,0.0001605512,0.000261609,0.0001373046,0.00009751609,0.00000360957,0.0001639224,0.0002400151,0.0003371323],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009376905,0.0001004493,0.00004620882,0.000227798,0.000522745,0.00007263117,0.00001099201,0.0002057194,0.00005468072],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009068843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000520606,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00107104,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02604441,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986715,0.0002868003,0.0003212717,0.0002896005,0.00005914669,0.0003717203],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993544,0.0002868535,0.00009959245,0.0001646173,0.00004311273,0.00005141265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002562455,0.00002340268,0.9886565,0.000007815105,0.00001205555,0.00001580882,0.0001043267,0.00005799416,0.00003993319,0.0001821237,0.00007079724,0.01057303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003465196,0.000615061,0.9859238,0.00001323723,0.00001546734,0.000144502,0.00006175884,0.004094096,0.0000021966,0.008305787,0.0003697762,0.0001077895],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922342,0.00539245,0.0001665117,0.001032803,0.0002399246,0.0002012601,0.0001181043,0.00002362444,0.000591155],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992157,0.0001655245,0.00007226063,0.0002485432,0.00007816802,0.000006062108,0.0001852402,0.000001607425,0.00002694755],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02497337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9917277,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3162292611","doi":"10.1017/pab.2021.19","title":"Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum; University of Toronto","funders":"Parks Canada; University of Toronto; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Pomona College; National Geographic Society; Vetenskapsrådet; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Appendage; Biology; Evolutionary biology; Clade; Phylogenetic tree; Diversification (marketing strategy); Convergent evolution; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0352796778030346,"gpt":0.2505723575904215,"spread":0.2152926797873869,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004104058,0.00007432967,0.000169159,0.00004082582,0.00009611529,0.000005067329,0.0001106714,0.00007718217,0.001139817],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001453554,0.00005088426,0.00005688596,0.0001793299,0.0002324908,0.00003143447,0.000006744379,0.0001282951,0.00006869968],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002618209,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004553957,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004570748,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08796496,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990178,0.0003314075,0.0002063821,0.0001808467,0.0000792767,0.0001843416],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992679,0.0004913617,0.00005847005,0.0001090232,0.00004876307,0.0000244183],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002774237,0.00002025658,0.9968386,0.00000688943,0.00002027668,0.000009840334,0.0003324721,0.0000880628,0.0001505931,0.0005943883,0.0004853753,0.001425487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002804053,0.00003409669,0.9910246,0.000004506402,0.000006752747,0.00007584735,0.0007218137,0.0002275321,0.00001593599,0.0004375936,0.007113754,0.00005712089],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9606455,0.004520434,0.00009817769,0.001858266,0.0006458078,0.00008262257,0.0000652286,0.00001062945,0.03207336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986332,0.000114181,0.0003046145,0.0005633828,0.0001089132,0.000002593764,0.0001150572,5.960125e-7,0.0001574339],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08750789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997733,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997085801","doi":"10.1666/10007.1","title":"Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Alberta","keywords":"Convergent evolution; Biology; Clade; Evolutionary biology; Allometry; Morphometrics; Ecomorphology; Phylogenetics; Skull; Dentition; Phylogenetic tree; Heterochrony; Lineage (genetic); Zoology; Anatomy; Ontogeny; Paleontology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05035480966374641,"gpt":0.2346708461860941,"spread":0.1843160365223477,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000395365,0.000334296,0.000550562,0.0001160647,0.0002218021,0.00001337367,0.0002566386,0.0003545024,0.009019928],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006433723,0.000273718,0.00009414841,0.0002156889,0.0008118535,0.0001411524,0.00005126368,0.0003333021,0.0003632419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002401544,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007258804,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00885965,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09211347,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976332,0.0004088298,0.0005066972,0.0006092355,0.0001349829,0.000707104],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991888,0.0001608504,0.0001524426,0.000244593,0.00007841567,0.0001748402],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002389735,0.00006341534,0.9954571,0.00001703744,0.00005394411,0.000167699,0.00125528,0.00001310879,0.00009672427,0.001062436,0.0003806033,0.001193708],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001157912,0.0006327592,0.991374,0.00001242514,0.00003480821,0.0002149962,0.0008405148,0.001533968,0.00002144178,0.002217411,0.001624505,0.0003352187],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9794564,0.009451092,0.0002024086,0.0002170964,0.001487585,0.0003234562,0.0001615451,0.00008045397,0.008619939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976493,0.001095705,0.0006060141,0.000333401,0.0001257704,0.00001474829,0.0000991091,0.000005372354,0.00007058441],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08325382,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999715,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2276863076","doi":"10.1017/pab.2015.34","title":"Effects of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Southwest German Basin","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Extinction event; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Paleontology; Geology; Fauna; Anoxic waters; Structural basin; Ecology; Vertebrate; Invertebrate; Oceanography; Biology; Biological dispersal","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008533679491082276,"gpt":0.2177712479482297,"spread":0.2092375684571474,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004274244,0.0001134192,0.0001844717,0.00004118117,0.0001052071,0.00000471804,0.000241438,0.0001514722,0.00003954736],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008829032,0.0000620915,0.00003877244,0.0001209053,0.0004077585,0.00004013917,0.00001390862,0.0001956413,0.00005134484],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004410674,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003083584,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005116881,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002090306,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998403,0.0008968412,0.000181512,0.0001975849,0.00007328398,0.0002477683],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988337,0.0008653948,0.00008636578,0.0001498308,0.00001673667,0.00004798564],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001562995,0.00003775669,0.9979954,0.000009267563,0.00001204359,0.0000120792,0.0005128563,0.00002072182,0.0005560452,0.000318977,0.00008124165,0.0002873058],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004984642,0.0006027663,0.99706,0.00001271222,0.00001502763,0.00008075166,0.00007747825,0.0001292937,0.00007476607,0.001192108,0.0001821039,0.00007451819],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963053,0.0007934329,0.000005490548,0.0007960971,0.0003639048,0.0002343509,0.00003698614,0.000008378975,0.001456073],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990454,0.00002064757,0.00001250509,0.0007987416,0.0000665271,0.000002853106,0.00003650362,0.000001240184,0.00001552834],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002740168,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2532018,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2025620644","doi":"10.1666/11022.1","title":"Macroevolutionary trends in silicoflagellate skeletal morphology: the costs and benefits of silicification","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Diatoms and Algae Research","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Mount Allison University","funders":"","keywords":"Cenozoic; Extinction (optical mineralogy); Silicic acid; Biology; Ecology; Morphology (biology); Fossil Record; Grazing pressure; Paleontology; Grazing; Geology; Oceanography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0237171436704264,"gpt":0.2872941016579249,"spread":0.2635769579874985,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006297192,0.00006959377,0.0001341742,0.00009587833,0.00004813774,0.000005044708,0.0001418266,0.00007712903,0.0002766142],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004198229,0.00004652194,0.00002180451,0.0001623935,0.0003212098,0.00006517359,0.00008741825,0.00007949792,0.00005803412],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001657655,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009719522,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001137737,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005891376,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991335,0.0001686256,0.0001735717,0.0001501094,0.00006156572,0.0003126165],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999543,0.0001608004,0.00005960285,0.0001675061,0.0000255463,0.00004359356],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002476273,0.00008069193,0.3227429,0.000008214945,0.000003835884,6.925424e-7,0.000233217,0.00001847917,0.6514992,0.005130164,0.0001475104,0.02011028],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001862549,0.00005244755,0.9749022,0.000004667243,0.000003369697,0.00002337659,0.00006101656,0.00004128723,0.02402823,0.0001082267,0.0005305854,0.00005833199],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948088,0.003314486,0.000003751676,0.0003675401,0.0001249571,0.00007433087,0.00002720738,0.00001023416,0.001268684],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995586,0.0001869701,0.00004589833,0.00003488809,0.00005558036,0.0000171285,0.0000166225,0.000004465744,0.00007984661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6521593,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3028731,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3092014291","doi":"10.1017/pab.2020.36","title":"Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Body plan; Macroevolution; Biology; Extant taxon; Evolutionary biology; Phylogenetic tree; Clade; Phylogenetics; Modularity (biology); Paleontology; Punctuated equilibrium","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02347362643883858,"gpt":0.2337828106500054,"spread":0.2103091842111669,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000144556,0.00006190555,0.0001513762,0.00005681799,0.00003556994,0.000001431021,0.0001350512,0.0001148568,0.00631024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007301772,0.0000525229,0.00002111107,0.000119379,0.0001109738,0.00002912193,0.00001675407,0.0001206551,0.0001117517],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001927569,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000045714,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003320038,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03749421,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992155,0.0001788617,0.0001765982,0.0001735275,0.00003633297,0.0002191527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999702,0.0001118432,0.00004272265,0.00006333282,0.00001787294,0.00006216724],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007499397,0.00001108962,0.9982917,0.00001608094,0.000008852355,0.00001465988,0.00007637515,0.0001688386,0.00005571013,0.00009833586,0.0001515656,0.001031783],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000204651,0.0003369594,0.9953696,0.000002735908,0.000001780997,0.000008965918,0.00005431205,0.002725826,0.00003354678,0.0001444844,0.001063586,0.00005360722],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962441,0.0001851837,0.00005143157,0.001012524,0.00009434359,0.00009095873,0.00007267224,0.00001145437,0.002237318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989256,0.00007883974,0.0000262365,0.0003490967,0.00005891389,0.000001192489,0.0005165489,0.000001001637,0.00004256213],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03417417,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9945982,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2136752312","doi":"10.1666/12029","title":"Nectocaridid ecology, diversity, and affinity: early origin of a cephalopod-like body plan","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Cephalopods and Marine Biology","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Cephalopod; Body plan; Biology; octopus (software); Taphonomy; Paleontology; Nautilus; Taxon; Trace fossil; Ecology; Fishery","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02031690090968209,"gpt":0.2035978238950942,"spread":0.1832809229854121,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001393207,0.0001669464,0.0003447065,0.00002389738,0.0002712676,0.00001159216,0.0002696858,0.0002429897,0.0008350872],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003233953,0.00006944819,0.00007094027,0.0001313158,0.000316417,0.00006698742,0.0009689322,0.0001347312,0.00007092788],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001074134,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007040866,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005169168,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003272175,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988802,0.0001312412,0.0002192816,0.0003479219,0.00005224516,0.0003691094],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992888,0.0003371967,0.0001168798,0.0000718612,0.00007153917,0.000113714],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002980384,0.00006384636,0.923488,0.00000519681,0.00003072885,0.000003782245,0.00008752498,5.782356e-8,0.06575423,0.001123756,0.0003850032,0.009028063],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002370709,0.0009661219,0.9884472,0.000002669862,0.00001614621,0.00002637867,0.00008883992,0.000005119314,0.0002585655,0.001707147,0.008088937,0.0001557672],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9969991,0.0001396315,8.567976e-7,0.0004879929,0.0002898929,0.0002829465,0.00004204181,0.0000473788,0.00171009],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990546,0.0001407821,0.00006297173,0.0003150342,0.0001340415,0.00002192269,0.00006831973,9.082395e-7,0.0002014848],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06549566,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.914362,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4246155791","doi":"10.1017/s009483730001811x","title":"Reconstruction of Tertiary <i>Metasequoia</i> forests. II. Structure, biomass, and productivity of Eocene floodplain forests in the Canadian Arctic","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Productivity; Canopy; Understory; Tree allometry; Arctic; Forest structure; Environmental science; Forestry; Ecology; Geology; Agroforestry; Geography; Biology; Biomass partitioning","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01345357796879205,"gpt":0.2199291496845701,"spread":0.2064755717157781,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009133432,0.0001163904,0.000267734,0.0002389452,0.0001698208,0.000004309067,0.0001744797,0.0002070632,0.0002268188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003825868,0.00007964364,0.00003196051,0.0002777017,0.0009071099,0.00006739524,0.000008786956,0.0002375776,0.000003702947],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000002164984,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001825693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03802143,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9735564,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983207,0.0007010224,0.0002664136,0.000260967,0.00007199982,0.0003789013],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992279,0.0003245855,0.0001045469,0.0002205712,0.00005127207,0.00007113715],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003430252,0.00001170662,0.9977884,0.0000522581,0.00002122887,0.00001105008,0.0001313271,0.0000215235,0.00009413913,0.0004699064,0.00001153803,0.001352622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002827217,0.0001656277,0.9865574,0.000009780099,0.00001308769,0.0007108746,0.00005180209,0.00004959961,0.001071992,0.01092319,0.00008729298,0.00007662544],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967655,0.001314132,0.000001785769,0.0004053794,0.0001967037,0.0002678772,0.00009129867,0.000003591513,0.0009537451],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996251,0.00003031528,0.0001847432,0.00004813296,0.00001472161,0.000002681406,0.00008606766,0.000001649833,0.000006585554],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.935535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9683844,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4322500261","doi":"10.1017/pab.2023.3","title":"Challenges and directions in analytical paleobiology","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Austrian Science Fund; Leverhulme Trust; University of Calgary","keywords":"Paleobiology; Fossil Record; Data science; Equity (law); Biodiversity; Earth science; Environmental resource management; Computer science; Ecology; Political science; Geology; Biology; Environmental science; Paleontology; Law","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06850192953683787,"gpt":0.2936843396867422,"spread":0.2251824101499044,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001788879,0.00007585416,0.0001286304,0.0000555635,0.0000437994,0.000003417119,0.00007331918,0.0001026095,0.007811028],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000706245,0.00006657517,0.00002227947,0.0002264454,0.0002716845,0.00002484852,0.0001226247,0.00008097453,0.002393467],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005404061,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001812241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003831616,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004093593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992406,0.00006997841,0.000114238,0.0002645497,0.00003209914,0.0002785494],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997124,0.0001031902,0.000018331,0.0001085002,0.000002532654,0.00005503554],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001679579,0.00006630911,0.9427342,0.000007396828,0.0000103566,0.00002175315,0.0004615514,0.00000410928,0.002305846,0.01041479,0.003316662,0.04064019],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001629274,0.00004222954,0.9307905,0.000001402225,0.000002473639,0.00001302281,0.0007191859,0.00006788137,0.00002020341,0.0004599641,0.06764594,0.00007427434],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8789329,0.0005605994,8.743697e-7,0.002276334,0.0001343939,0.00006617117,0.00001371749,0.00007928961,0.1179357],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9927805,0.006647808,0.000004495249,0.0001280522,0.00001780858,0.00002881697,0.00003984437,0.000003790682,0.0003488573],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1175869,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983833,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2172601455","doi":"10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0098:fiaaso>2.0.co;2","title":"Faunal invasions as a source of morphological constraints and innovations? The diversification of the early Cardioceratidae (Ammonoidea; Middle Jurassic)","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Boreal; Paleontology; Ammonoidea; Cretaceous; Clade; Diversification (marketing strategy); Geography; Taxon; Mesozoic; Biodiversity; Geology; Structural basin; Ecology; Biology; Phylogenetic tree","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03644102545936968,"gpt":0.2169180424590679,"spread":0.1804770169996982,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002696413,0.00008216481,0.0001657245,0.00004200499,0.0002413639,0.000006821661,0.0002187819,0.0001175292,0.0001451207],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001246069,0.00004424427,0.00006118792,0.0001872598,0.001597526,0.00005252194,0.000006297304,0.0001543695,0.000007442933],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":9.524034e-7,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003843192,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004435088,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001227352,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991766,0.0002145889,0.000240565,0.0001524724,0.0000725404,0.0001432569],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999224,0.0003558335,0.0001621088,0.0001722498,0.00005570647,0.00003009472],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002359519,0.00001191758,0.9481491,0.000003177342,0.00003445269,8.66308e-7,0.000395267,0.00004332546,0.001184743,0.001251638,0.00004198898,0.0488599],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001743203,0.0001025852,0.9979057,0.000006071035,0.00001985861,0.0000721801,0.0003118113,0.00008907842,0.0005240199,0.0005853823,0.0001581931,0.00005076339],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855573,0.001109336,0.0001002673,0.001077238,0.00007279795,0.0001482018,0.00005551037,0.000007540265,0.01187185],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995998,0.00003952621,0.0001955957,0.0001016894,0.0000275167,0.000001795634,0.000007562805,3.823908e-7,0.00002618056],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04975661,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5886152,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3083774641","doi":"10.1017/pab.2020.2","title":"Testing size–frequency distributions as a method of ontogenetic aging: a life-history assessment of hadrosaurid dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, with implications for hadrosaurid paleoecology","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paleobiology","topic":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ontario Museum; Royal Tyrrell Museum; University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dinosaur Research Institute; American Museum of Natural History","keywords":"Biology; Cretaceous; Juvenile; Paleontology; Ecology; Paleoecology; Frequency distribution; Zoology; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03035784160145977,"gpt":0.2536551822939864,"spread":0.2232973406925266,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003089242,0.0002121279,0.0005728135,0.00003728363,0.0001562125,0.000002297911,0.0004544299,0.0001834893,0.0002236692],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00137353,0.0001544541,0.00009877217,0.0002213553,0.0006070383,0.000071193,0.00002321963,0.0001882467,0.000001998469],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003415045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00148828,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2547483,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8367351,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979281,0.0004629608,0.0007205641,0.0003831736,0.00009544952,0.0004097728],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9921054,0.006478569,0.0007277183,0.0003055804,0.0002383436,0.0001444233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008841455,0.0000355336,0.9902818,0.00004949397,0.0001221564,0.000001042502,0.0002186184,0.0004608857,0.005605303,0.001364842,0.0008473872,0.0009245161],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005381411,0.0008235865,0.9935054,0.00001751583,0.0001567044,0.00003480441,0.0001540397,0.001468989,0.000240069,0.00128617,0.001611985,0.0001625849],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9575869,0.00249813,0.02044792,0.01147028,0.0003827782,0.001000964,0.003962298,0.00002502804,0.002625681],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9846264,0.00003357507,0.01329973,0.0007154781,0.00007714126,0.00005056023,0.00118428,0.000004175123,0.000008718178],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5819868,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7502144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}