{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":13,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":13,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"cbdcd6cb4a92","filters":{"venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science"}},"results":[{"id":"W4280584756","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00338-x","title":"Applied Behavior Analysis in Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":112,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Coquitlam College; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Autism; Psychological intervention; Psychology; Intervention (counseling); Clinical psychology; Adaptive behavior; Applied behavior analysis; Autism spectrum disorder; Quality of life (healthcare); Developmental psychology; Cognition; Psychiatry; Psychotherapist","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1378255994981279,"gpt":0.4048022273939184,"spread":0.2669766278957905,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009584138,0.0008472941,0.002589933,0.001258708,0.0006382203,0.000128052,0.001158914,0.0001908309,0.002233452],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001832372,0.0006024088,0.0004762376,0.006879687,0.001583635,0.0001354585,0.0004136775,0.001227805,0.00004798402],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004214189,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001529649,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000616783,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002512023,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9943317,0.00028783,0.0007848718,0.002777744,0.0008539701,0.0009638908],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998032,0.0001002832,0.0005415014,0.001069666,0.00001557126,0.0002410192],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003552566,0.003236492,0.02469102,0.001074167,0.0002946652,0.0000693519,0.005880737,3.213328e-7,1.512604e-7,0.00492602,0.000007388136,0.9597842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001372742,0.001975145,0.9124263,0.03778323,0.03117892,0.0002223875,0.007591576,8.896558e-8,1.161896e-7,0.00003892657,0.003895203,0.003515379],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.006110201,0.9849118,0.000004229063,0.00007022358,0.0001554741,0.005377023,0.0002318703,0.0001143798,0.003024803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0134161,0.9821228,0.00006397312,0.00005826136,0.00002873105,0.004099995,0.00007035018,0.00005093861,0.00008878322],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9562688,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3102036332","doi":"10.1007/s40614-020-00270-y","title":"Tutorial: Applying Machine Learning in Behavioral Research","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec; Université de Montréal; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Machine learning; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Applied behavior analysis; Random forest; Stochastic gradient descent; Scarcity; Support vector machine; Data science; Autism; Artificial neural network; Psychology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1564525751932911,"gpt":0.4444449015982926,"spread":0.2879923264050015,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003054562,0.0002416687,0.0002754706,0.0008095735,0.0009488843,0.0005624469,0.002996179,0.00008768174,0.00004873404],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001306811,0.000240822,0.00006835925,0.005196559,0.0006971661,0.001005973,0.0009942835,0.002299423,0.0001439709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007056178,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000541003,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001294012,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005327623,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9943294,0.0005261556,0.000352616,0.001673646,0.002053392,0.001064776],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979956,0.0002456949,0.0001078349,0.0007170145,0.0004447338,0.0004891793],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001041134,0.001263521,0.4952081,0.00004988178,0.0000034117,0.0006246947,0.1515572,0.002716782,0.04761986,0.1827644,0.00006186251,0.1180263],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002746283,0.006453698,0.623252,0.0002376081,0.00001802614,0.00009129494,0.02611697,0.3217066,0.006066281,0.0007668531,0.01025906,0.002285255],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9849887,0.0003476603,0.003039874,0.006329059,0.0006825938,0.001226003,0.000003723516,0.000745574,0.002636781],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911399,0.00002227488,0.008193776,0.0001330887,0.0001824449,0.0002317105,0.00000102509,0.00002322148,0.00007248553],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3189898,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9989974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3002828814","doi":"10.1007/s40614-020-00244-0","title":"Machine Learning to Analyze Single-Case Data: A Proof of Concept","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":50,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal; Theratechnologies (Canada); Université de Montréal","funders":"Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé","keywords":"Computer science; Machine learning; Artificial intelligence; Interpretation (philosophy); Type I and type II errors; Proposition; Power (physics); Inter-rater reliability; Algorithm; Statistics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3541276045012157,"gpt":0.4064436522044666,"spread":0.05231604770325088,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003397544,0.0001940255,0.0002995789,0.0001156688,0.0002950774,0.00004646067,0.0009070113,0.0000529253,0.0009527981],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003013088,0.0001502674,0.00006233768,0.001422871,0.0009979754,0.0001817813,0.0004042118,0.0003324044,0.00007539238],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005411389,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002067969,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000222427,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001726955,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976782,0.00009702688,0.000268579,0.001148966,0.0004045474,0.0004026418],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987804,0.00006651619,0.0001259278,0.0005574265,0.0001696966,0.0003000863],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001030877,0.009284792,0.1370364,0.00001768475,0.00008694026,0.003713872,0.3322766,0.0001564931,0.0806306,0.01024981,0.001793454,0.4237225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004782315,0.0306667,0.528208,0.0001240175,0.0007178323,0.00119951,0.389758,0.0006466917,0.02218474,0.000108128,0.01858829,0.003015772],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990693,0.0007406411,0.0004403378,0.001882131,0.0002357791,0.0004706488,0.0001490458,0.0000955448,0.005292846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986654,0.000003345428,0.0006863464,0.0002843361,0.00007456874,0.00004316015,0.000004447183,0.00001156274,0.0002268222],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4207068,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999605,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2804184877","doi":"10.1007/s40614-018-0138-9","title":"Using Single-Case Designs in Practical Settings: Is Within-Subject Replication Always Necessary?","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine; École de Technologie Supérieure; Université de Montréal","funders":"Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Generalizability theory; Replication (statistics); Subject (documents); Relevance (law); Computer science; Set (abstract data type); Proposition; Psychology; Component (thermodynamics); Econometrics; Statistics; Mathematics; Epistemology; Political science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.5224960892842181,"gpt":0.4713897862104501,"spread":0.05110630307376801,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001365764,0.000264121,0.0002546843,0.0002878262,0.0007192035,0.0001358078,0.0004032101,0.0001446091,0.0007375657],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003680192,0.0002177536,0.0000728895,0.001651819,0.002279415,0.0004330919,0.0001232795,0.0004271697,0.0002396133],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003642465,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000662914,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004023547,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005395676,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996691,0.0001799438,0.0003911741,0.001619905,0.0004683396,0.0006496626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982585,0.0001396995,0.0002333103,0.0008854052,0.0003081727,0.000174954],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001074268,0.01468113,0.2376823,0.00001123807,0.00004047651,0.004167915,0.2622586,0.000004238291,0.3961356,0.03155015,0.002239796,0.05015425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002191841,0.00610881,0.7660568,0.0001503364,0.0002430052,0.006262209,0.1799874,0.0002806582,0.03472145,0.00138524,0.0007951479,0.00181702],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9860928,0.0000981464,0.000533069,0.001098914,0.0005619079,0.0005145451,0.00001247673,0.0001175402,0.0109706],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9922089,0.000004607175,0.006811482,0.0005407265,0.0001530138,0.0001025977,6.251004e-7,0.00001886612,0.0001591925],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5283746,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8879735,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3045826065","doi":"10.1007/s40614-020-00263-x","title":"How Many Tiers Do We Need? Type I Errors and Power in Multiple Baseline Designs","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Baseline (sea); Type I and type II errors; Multiple baseline design; Computer science; Power (physics); Statistical power; Replicate; Word error rate; Reliability engineering; Statistics; Empirical research; Mathematics; Psychology; Artificial intelligence; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.223927285176199,"gpt":0.3654105172447536,"spread":0.1414832320685546,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003412364,0.0002217231,0.0002396798,0.0001565219,0.0002337882,0.0001043122,0.000381222,0.00009082878,0.0004651679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002052365,0.000171941,0.00005010196,0.001177145,0.001125918,0.0001896677,0.0001062478,0.0003462168,0.00009442393],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007784266,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002010958,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006952882,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000113617,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980036,0.00009547939,0.0001608324,0.0009451621,0.0003166312,0.0004782691],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999247,0.00008063484,0.00006236728,0.0002489394,0.0001009445,0.0002600897],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008246354,0.00209922,0.7915878,0.000006874072,0.00001643209,0.0003635254,0.1016324,0.000005048987,0.04368031,0.009921885,0.001983815,0.04787806],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008762459,0.001311342,0.9038948,0.00001702159,0.00002355777,0.00001163727,0.09103556,0.00002608401,0.0002430889,0.00007906132,0.002103892,0.0003776926],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9856655,0.001801442,0.0001023302,0.00992595,0.0004084325,0.0003729075,0.00001653392,0.0000800158,0.001626872],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983929,0.0001461318,0.0005537245,0.0003933823,0.00004179549,0.00005457587,5.34046e-7,0.0000131487,0.0004037915],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1123071,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7011549,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3217439535","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00318-7","title":"Monte Carlo Analyses for Single-Case Experimental Designs: An Untapped Resource for Applied Behavioral Researchers and Practitioners","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Monte Carlo method; Null hypothesis; Computer science; Null (SQL); Statistical hypothesis testing; Design of experiments; Monte Carlo method in statistical physics; Data mining; Hybrid Monte Carlo; Econometrics; Statistics; Algorithm; Mathematics; Markov chain Monte Carlo","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.7389640510840769,"gpt":0.5379524434788753,"spread":0.2010116076052016,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005679444,0.0002855562,0.0003167219,0.000202585,0.001143639,0.0002474193,0.0003060465,0.0001287855,0.0002005277],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001017787,0.0002502143,0.0001326334,0.000653005,0.001570257,0.0003119197,0.0001018636,0.0002341322,0.000008027709],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002689638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006143755,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001993063,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005198044,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970093,0.0001374197,0.0002763036,0.001458409,0.0004079676,0.0007105681],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984773,0.000229668,0.0001244217,0.0004904272,0.0003389762,0.0003392333],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001851754,0.01066044,0.001817156,0.00000952058,0.00005017209,0.0007734703,0.04904861,0.00001288075,0.9050978,0.005628467,0.0006398184,0.02440991],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004295221,0.007819733,0.02629486,0.00002622113,0.000401223,0.0009222035,0.8811624,0.00004218382,0.07580758,0.0001385873,0.0019685,0.00112129],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948012,0.0009381828,0.0002101098,0.0002382544,0.000188264,0.001279659,0.0001296899,0.00009810851,0.002116484],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926004,0.000008210304,0.004775466,0.0001164689,0.00008875169,0.001818586,0.00001009441,0.00002947369,0.0005525764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8321138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999995,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3118363209","doi":"10.1007/s40614-020-00273-9","title":"Machine Learning for Supplementing Behavioral Assessment","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Software Engineering Research","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Computer science; Artificial neural network; Function (biology); Experimental data; Statistics; Mathematics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0383190631975909,"gpt":0.3823425613450445,"spread":0.3440234981474536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00105528,0.000176735,0.0001644797,0.000313059,0.0007043559,0.0006540143,0.001288208,0.00003496289,0.00007026763],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006713762,0.0001816287,0.00009886992,0.001399942,0.0002132884,0.0007155266,0.0005635461,0.0003743566,0.00001310837],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005097075,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005171783,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003137274,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005888994,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969692,0.00005048043,0.000190476,0.001050474,0.001024474,0.0007148642],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981485,0.0003395231,0.00006037921,0.0006684671,0.0005889286,0.0001942132],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001540997,0.002857754,0.4174161,0.00003897605,0.0000222613,0.0004438582,0.01257959,0.001761792,0.2328241,0.2520341,0.000120472,0.07988552],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002312437,0.00187659,0.7696311,0.00007650053,0.00005745553,0.0002198622,0.007596176,0.1100624,0.1023243,0.0005117991,0.003781311,0.001550011],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5998936,0.00021088,0.3971535,0.0006302953,0.0006097459,0.0005430608,0.00001318315,0.0005182875,0.0004274867],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.890568,0.00001178171,0.1087956,0.00001763438,0.0000420685,0.0001911461,0.000005151626,0.00001574763,0.0003529018],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3522151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7406603,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3132553242","doi":"10.1007/s40614-020-00279-3","title":"Demonstrating an Analyses of Clinical Data Evaluating Psychotropic Medication Reductions and the ACHIEVE! Program in Adolescents with Severe Problem Behavior","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Intervention (counseling); Psychology; Psychological intervention; Clinical psychology; Correlation; Psychotropic medication; Nonparametric statistics; Developmental psychology; Psychiatry; Mental health; Statistics","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.4928340124056088,"gpt":0.5640907683380377,"spread":0.07125675593242897,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001981576,0.0001834342,0.0003641114,0.0001057061,0.0004072343,0.00007856291,0.0006992001,0.0000895154,0.00005908791],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002316845,0.0001102754,0.00005183874,0.001147403,0.003284168,0.0003199185,0.000168821,0.0005242925,0.000002929084],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003524441,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001322109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003307528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002669122,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966375,0.0006077914,0.0006059764,0.001214465,0.0005978013,0.0003365101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981924,0.00008406535,0.0003213903,0.0009735718,0.0002990885,0.0001294706],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002981356,0.005251897,0.7484526,0.000005997847,0.00001465534,0.00001837477,0.004109514,0.000002985545,0.001897877,0.001059635,0.000005469903,0.2388828],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001664858,0.001015351,0.9735413,0.0001105774,0.0002086394,0.00006639548,0.02307101,0.00006055682,0.00003466344,0.00007662563,0.000002642839,0.000147346],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967558,0.000612494,0.00003683536,0.0005078636,0.0001981333,0.0009753542,0.00001845756,0.00004511807,0.0008499725],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9926305,0.00008112157,0.006728273,0.00003276971,0.00006116814,0.0004212315,0.000008118729,0.000009281248,0.00002747506],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2387355,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4366496229","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5","title":"Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999–2019)","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Certification; Biological dispersal; Snapshot (computer storage); Geography; Statistics; Econometrics; Physical geography; Cartography; Computer science; Demography; Mathematics; Management; Economics; Sociology; Database","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.322339285293464,"gpt":0.446367526053854,"spread":0.12402824076039,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006901425,0.0001932416,0.0002640111,0.0003532972,0.0004196441,0.00009245228,0.0006812899,0.00008223076,0.0006859996],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001229102,0.0001475974,0.0001087631,0.002525558,0.001788978,0.0002928388,0.0001380019,0.0002409885,0.0008100974],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008610822,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003519796,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002688508,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003662418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975787,0.0000764424,0.0002757374,0.0008705501,0.0005947392,0.0006037879],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989218,0.0001113066,0.0001333506,0.000447457,0.000240062,0.0001460527],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001530076,0.003917655,0.5852956,0.00001169729,0.00003227234,0.0002249501,0.03486438,0.000002126388,0.2274697,0.05342217,0.005793037,0.08881338],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000221746,0.0002570662,0.9792652,0.00001575209,0.00002257437,0.000007022198,0.0177075,0.000001991999,0.001994771,0.0002066709,0.0001069258,0.0001927565],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785712,0.0001860174,0.00001605504,0.0004497569,0.00103032,0.0002292292,0.00002494852,0.0002013367,0.01929108],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984798,0.000035431,0.0001533562,0.00004720802,0.00005284257,0.00007839764,0.000001726809,0.00001361205,0.001137559],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3939696,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999679,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4226145961","doi":"10.1007/s40614-022-00332-3","title":"Some Characteristics and Arguments in Favor of a Science of Machine Behavior Analysis","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Applied behavior analysis; Behaviorism; Terminology; Field (mathematics); Behavioral analysis; Omnipresence; Epistemology; Determinism; Behavioural sciences; Psychology; Data science; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Cognitive psychology; Cognitive science; Sociology; Social science; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03056159507774162,"gpt":0.3812648383204532,"spread":0.3507032432427115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.004083996,0.000108738,0.000309853,0.001232805,0.001481789,0.0001075121,0.0008836768,0.00003632212,0.00007337795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008905586,0.0001132839,0.000080264,0.004985411,0.008780356,0.0007504132,0.0003212631,0.0003048071,4.774005e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005350058,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000895811,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005140382,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003779467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968146,0.0001300298,0.0002998869,0.0004976734,0.00183177,0.0004260605],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987251,0.0001020436,0.000270429,0.0002693197,0.0004423312,0.0001907634],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003642188,0.001990838,0.5659956,0.000006536492,0.00001613429,0.00001635947,0.2266234,0.00001957699,0.0610034,0.1415821,0.00000135244,0.00270828],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001921165,0.0002547592,0.9247389,0.000007137294,0.0001148481,5.237598e-7,0.07272535,0.00007758965,0.001191521,0.0005381415,0.00001005928,0.0001490181],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981105,0.0001175482,0.000002451581,0.0003835156,0.0001577381,0.0003063933,0.0001001349,0.0000119731,0.0008097335],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994861,0.0001534574,0.0001792245,0.00003299051,0.00001813526,0.00004196367,0.000001045638,0.000005121122,0.00008196409],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3587434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4389574511","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00393-y","title":"Explaining First Language Acquisition in Terms of Basic Behavioral Processes: Introduction to the Special Section","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; Kelowna General Hospital; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Operant conditioning; Section (typography); Explanatory power; Special section; Language acquisition; Psychology; Cognitive science; Cognitive psychology; Linguistics; Computer science; Mathematics education; Epistemology; Reinforcement; Social psychology; Engineering; Philosophy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0403393455461962,"gpt":0.3310478013703138,"spread":0.2907084558241176,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005604523,0.0001227424,0.000123875,0.0005137127,0.0006087007,0.0002699623,0.0005202157,0.00002396473,0.0004635201],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001038113,0.00009295388,0.00003652026,0.0009408588,0.0007029858,0.0007285149,0.0001039973,0.0001693621,0.00006860006],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001981604,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007230731,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003860999,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005260481,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998664,0.00004719961,0.0002068579,0.0003818882,0.0004502387,0.000249779],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991753,0.00005030829,0.000104566,0.000457117,0.0001720801,0.00004062941],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004600549,0.0003877964,0.002287141,0.00001577642,0.000002458658,0.000007216312,0.9421052,0.0002104745,0.004864284,0.04688619,0.0009348167,0.002252663],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000238372,0.0002994458,0.06849718,0.00006392041,0.00002038962,0.000004958316,0.9256011,0.00002841694,0.003064333,0.0001221966,0.001846857,0.0002127992],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9882447,0.00002417568,0.000007205948,0.001648082,0.0008866056,0.0003935245,0.00002686111,0.0001007179,0.008668093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964457,0.00001602161,0.0000344178,0.00002190343,0.002838572,0.0001756075,0.00001172269,0.00001178702,0.0004443268],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06621004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5075219,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3130556965","doi":"10.1007/s40614-021-00280-4","title":"Correction to: Machine Learning to Analyze Single-Case Data: A Proof of Concept","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal; Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Proof of concept; Data science; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Operating system","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06344809036465525,"gpt":0.3340216859986938,"spread":0.2705735956340385,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000819102,0.0001506895,0.0001875966,0.0003718436,0.0004004137,0.0003117775,0.001433871,0.00002719013,0.00003183263],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002545789,0.000146197,0.00003848554,0.003036975,0.0001940554,0.000889868,0.0008763438,0.0002969025,0.00002180257],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001832998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002521855,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00026594,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001397448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973692,0.0001498385,0.0002468489,0.001292921,0.000635458,0.0003057474],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974157,0.0001424123,0.000141989,0.0015471,0.0005120825,0.0002407271],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005151609,0.002506402,0.01332689,0.00001522135,0.00001647402,0.0006442455,0.0478825,0.009786537,0.2437054,0.014096,0.001008229,0.6669605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001008687,0.003535871,0.08851036,0.0002724721,0.0001043487,0.002527819,0.02975982,0.5771529,0.2870509,0.00005679769,0.008503848,0.001516121],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4040421,0.0002278494,0.5885376,0.002491059,0.001433352,0.0005115138,0.00006200352,0.0002690963,0.002425481],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9734716,0.000002524749,0.02571526,0.00008176422,0.00004057674,0.00002027135,0.00001846191,0.000008211441,0.0006413447],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6654444,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.596174,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4379518954","doi":"10.1007/s40614-023-00381-2","title":"Response to ABAI Task Force on the Use of Contingent Electric Skin Shock","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Perspectives on Behavior Science","topic":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Task force; Position statement; Task (project management); Statement (logic); Shock (circulatory); Position (finance); Quality (philosophy); State (computer science); Association (psychology); Position paper; Psychology; Political science; Medicine; Computer science; Law; Business; Economics; Epistemology; Public administration; Family medicine; Psychotherapist; Management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1592991005919986,"gpt":0.3910119861885959,"spread":0.2317128855965973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002157075,0.0005460771,0.0006311567,0.0006352023,0.0006355116,0.0001783188,0.001710664,0.0004530896,0.0002980227],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004741646,0.0003484446,0.0003028105,0.002743829,0.00105764,0.00009818943,0.000301915,0.001287278,0.0008218701],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00048516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001582036,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004304151,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003454551,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9942648,0.0005047715,0.0005231338,0.001797384,0.001898155,0.001011732],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9928304,0.004628162,0.0003562571,0.001270509,0.0006759038,0.0002387484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002560099,0.001251081,0.0002622042,0.000003006581,0.0000321307,0.00007060432,0.01022507,0.000004510604,0.008557715,0.001233373,0.9710254,0.004774794],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009574835,0.008917611,0.278268,0.0002204024,0.0002529455,0.00000449275,0.008624025,0.00000214608,0.001014399,0.0000631127,0.7003654,0.001309974],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5718436,0.0001511463,0.000009468827,0.001126622,0.4243519,0.00121191,0.0003600846,0.0001502575,0.0007950624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8063797,0.0002853516,0.0001772469,0.0006551736,0.1506601,0.002914893,0.00002128388,0.0002199328,0.03868629],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2780058,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999561,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}