{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":11,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":11,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"42e76a2b74d6","filters":{"venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology"}},"results":[{"id":"W4210713159","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.2103","title":"Costs, Benefits, Parasites and Mutualists: The Use and Abuse of the Mutualism–Parasitism Continuum Concept for “Epichloë” Fungi","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Plant and fungal interactions","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Wilfrid Laurier University","keywords":"Mutualism (biology); Parasitism; Biology; Epichloë; Endophyte; Ecology; Confusion; Symbiosis; Evolutionary biology; Botany; Host (biology); Paleontology; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Jonathan A. Newman","is_ca":true},{"name":"Sierra Gillis","is_ca":true},{"name":"Heather A. Hager","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05391128105850141,"gpt":0.294192669403879,"spread":0.2402813883453776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009864605,0.0001190877,0.0001785745,0.00001429673,0.0005103067,0.0000461887,0.0001729051,0.00006865689,0.00003670782],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001033959,0.00004375437,0.00004199781,0.0001303945,0.0003763104,0.0002500013,0.0001295971,0.0002471674,3.960582e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009980794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004650076,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002222902,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002971625,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998071,0.001257452,0.0002121559,0.000238641,0.0000563543,0.0001643606],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9824243,0.01722724,0.0001974284,0.0000691415,0.00004627202,0.00003558085],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001343602,0.0002439735,0.0115765,0.000009104625,0.00008665839,0.000002942346,0.003066679,0.000003765306,0.03532866,0.9326557,0.0005254171,0.01515703],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00198224,0.001767271,0.1590366,0.00008546116,0.000298762,0.001147919,0.0114817,0.00007230582,0.00168892,0.3220626,0.4996818,0.0006944188],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9821803,0.007181001,0.000002178675,0.008319385,0.0002341361,0.0004149518,0.001089964,0.00001142871,0.0005666293],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959026,0.001353386,0.00002792814,0.00238149,0.0001325023,0.00007395046,0.00006884019,0.000001279762,0.00005800627],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6105931,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3924918,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4391209668","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.5563","title":"Towards a More General Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: A Manifesto","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; Université Laval","funders":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","keywords":"Computer science; Environmental science","authors":[{"name":"François Papale","is_ca":true},{"name":"W. Ford Doolittle","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009035518421346233,"gpt":0.3109079090445678,"spread":0.3018723906232215,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001216458,0.0001453049,0.0001389795,0.00008535074,0.00004756364,0.00001302152,0.0001033918,0.000209644,0.00002563414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006140156,0.0001294248,0.00005744929,0.000151934,0.0002660198,0.00001517585,0.00007535968,0.0002048764,0.000004159748],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002270019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007787348,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001756658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007307165,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983376,0.0008648757,0.000216954,0.0003494662,0.00005640111,0.0001747542],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994082,0.0002761128,0.00006859654,0.0001432699,0.00006191985,0.00004185516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001180984,0.00007724566,0.0002355942,0.00004694754,0.0001059765,0.000004268345,0.0001753791,0.00003253243,0.214969,0.777648,0.0003257446,0.005198265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007746605,0.0009954375,0.001398064,0.00005127032,0.0001167113,0.0008239303,0.0004417664,0.001396936,0.00677479,0.9357041,0.05105795,0.0004644139],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7685709,0.1279829,0.05992296,0.008048954,0.001575093,0.0006059819,0.000199621,0.00009443137,0.03299918],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965245,0.001048562,0.0008770608,0.0005983984,0.0003114214,0.00001754731,0.0001182057,0.00001472613,0.0004896232],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2279535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5277789,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281560518","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.2630","title":"The Perils of Polysemy: Racial Realism in the Real World","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Race, Genetics, and Society","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Argumentation theory; Polysemy; Epistemology; Rhetorical question; Realism; Sociology; Pluralism (philosophy); Race (biology); Agency (philosophy); Metis; Linguistics; Philosophy; Gender studies; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"John P. Jackson","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01865049657489214,"gpt":0.3309604998012773,"spread":0.3123100032263851,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00474864,0.0001123556,0.0001436653,0.00004263135,0.0003158876,0.00001346704,0.0003445581,0.00008759554,0.00001453024],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008608751,0.00007660406,0.00006345765,0.0001703344,0.0004686056,0.000005787453,0.0002069182,0.0003178102,6.230516e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001211902,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005924847,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001138709,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001895723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957462,0.003412762,0.0002698586,0.0002690522,0.00008793525,0.0002141979],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977719,0.001653721,0.0001687829,0.0003534003,0.00002920507,0.00002298734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005330508,0.0003447258,0.005082185,0.00001714157,0.0001194791,0.00001526143,0.01380666,0.0000591881,0.05015249,0.9128314,0.000511314,0.01172963],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001256175,0.001071107,0.005417877,0.000006738414,0.00005195677,0.00008281007,0.01243963,0.00001351645,0.001835358,0.5567653,0.420735,0.0003245721],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9049899,0.01127961,0.00002599988,0.014647,0.0004635342,0.000420367,0.0000644154,0.000006201388,0.06810296],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9930674,0.004341826,0.00006432045,0.001940836,0.0003379136,0.00006242067,0.00003656586,0.000009289,0.0001394083],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4202237,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3123823,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4281555430","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.2629","title":"When Virtues are Vices: 'Anti-Science' Epistemic Values in Environmental Politics","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, Davis; University of Texas at Dallas","keywords":"Epistemology; Epistemic virtue; Epithet; Philosophy of science; Appeal; Politics; Epistemic community; Virtue; Sociology; Axiology; Order (exchange); Skepticism; Philosophy; Political science; Law; Economics","authors":[{"name":"Daniel Hicks","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03729349932894375,"gpt":0.3511249066930164,"spread":0.3138314073640726,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.007376479,0.0001289014,0.0002450855,0.0002046494,0.001475275,0.000024012,0.0003635772,0.0000958348,0.0001530342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001677321,0.0001295687,0.00003012224,0.000225071,0.003152865,0.0003165005,0.0003443695,0.0004061052,0.00001278152],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001789442,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001132161,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003255352,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009161355,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944966,0.00423424,0.0002652299,0.0004175167,0.000166766,0.0004195959],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950808,0.004489065,0.0001908745,0.000162045,0.00001279278,0.00006448178],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000191416,0.0001839508,0.05434963,0.0000085921,0.00001912579,0.00004172695,0.05579294,0.000004654828,0.0002033008,0.8886538,0.00001382731,0.0005370849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002450659,0.0001272519,0.006098112,0.000007512788,0.00001374187,0.00003771697,0.08721657,0.000001634528,0.0000165222,0.8851043,0.02098154,0.0001500075],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7610109,0.0104039,0.00001325639,0.051906,0.001018454,0.0004265138,0.00008525976,0.00004953595,0.1750861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960459,0.001076766,0.00009922364,0.002369936,0.0001503491,0.00004924382,0.00000589186,0.000006176623,0.0001965412],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2350349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4402995353","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.5492","title":"Sex and the Riddle of Variability","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Intellectual Property Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of Toronto; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Computer science","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0453603821660539,"gpt":0.3643479174247861,"spread":0.3189875352587321,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01808155,0.00005554519,0.0001284348,0.00003210412,0.0001367415,0.00002640288,0.000101721,0.00009067899,0.0001469098],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01918483,0.0000322952,0.00002039452,0.0001320446,0.002207692,0.0001732061,0.00006045651,0.0002094518,0.000008758997],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001159369,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005107177,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004626682,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003283137,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9913528,0.008172731,0.0001417813,0.0001709345,0.00004738055,0.000114387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9593135,0.0405045,0.00003498914,0.00009543341,0.00003004008,0.00002157288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005935979,0.00001986647,0.00004166777,0.00001777522,0.00002158939,0.000001521086,0.02242412,1.825568e-7,0.00008376567,0.9691101,0.00001437667,0.007671447],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001222779,0.00004349093,0.000006607202,0.00001092289,0.00001815639,0.000008508644,0.001341557,0.00003048865,0.00004575428,0.9334493,0.06488134,0.00004162832],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02043431,0.005630423,0.0003273241,0.05489998,0.0003598227,0.0003214125,0.000007305541,0.00003300096,0.9179864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978006,0.001058344,0.00006676232,0.0007263397,0.000168241,0.000008810199,5.244861e-7,0.000003298345,0.0001671055],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9773663,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.989077,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3136188875","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.16039257.0013.001","title":"20220112","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University; Mount Allison University","funders":"","keywords":"Environmental science","authors":[{"name":"S. Andrew Inkpen","is_ca":true},{"name":"W. Ford Doolittle","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01437086681112908,"gpt":0.3249154531225754,"spread":0.3105445863114463,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007470319,0.00009050746,0.00009585504,0.0000279162,0.0000453306,0.000008947168,0.00007069464,0.0001491693,0.00007072415],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001793612,0.00008952439,0.00002991442,0.00007234741,0.0001319507,0.000005020441,0.0001103654,0.0001129001,0.00001687398],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000044608,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004973541,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003051308,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001354548,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985344,0.0008732849,0.0001346645,0.0002827766,0.00002848466,0.0001464032],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993026,0.000328633,0.00005003408,0.0002120513,0.00005909784,0.00004762882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007862299,0.0001800058,0.00209662,0.00001393985,0.00006674489,0.00002935624,0.0001226399,0.0000334688,0.1620311,0.8279063,0.0002921187,0.00644141],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008959264,0.0003173084,0.001809708,0.000009562927,0.00003126954,0.0005650186,0.0003779316,0.00003612314,0.004541264,0.6753967,0.3157132,0.0003059249],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4818798,0.05356172,0.01155269,0.02566867,0.001160247,0.0003509766,0.00009227361,0.00004377418,0.4256898],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906963,0.003268016,0.001263755,0.003891202,0.0002276538,0.000008851944,0.0001255238,0.00000924605,0.0005094401],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5088165,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3650699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4393176896","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.5258","title":"The Scope of Reciprocal Causation","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Intellectual Property Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Chemistry","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0587325278057389,"gpt":0.4017020122110255,"spread":0.3429694844052866,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006189124,0.00004768618,0.00007051933,0.00004033121,0.0002220167,0.0000355375,0.0001102134,0.00008938575,0.00008414717],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01094258,0.00002937278,0.00001746574,0.000176473,0.0008227343,0.0002203865,0.00003192517,0.0001843475,0.00003637411],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002251095,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008370283,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002659808,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001550439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968145,0.002725228,0.0001432648,0.00013113,0.00005886884,0.0001270358],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9838822,0.01593425,0.00003986756,0.00007534376,0.0000482581,0.000020007],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003545914,0.00001200602,0.000006558494,0.000007635646,0.00001348726,0.000002144044,0.006652157,3.68721e-7,0.0004092419,0.9503411,0.00006701924,0.04213371],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002902303,0.00007264626,0.00000498054,0.00001940265,0.000007218759,0.000004381954,0.0007910492,0.000005531324,0.0001852861,0.7124436,0.2864034,0.00003345145],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00702314,0.01973037,0.0002073582,0.04828673,0.0007376717,0.0002342997,0.000003047802,0.00003529625,0.9237421],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933938,0.005594097,0.00005621549,0.0004128439,0.0002562339,0.00000940991,9.9845e-7,0.00000408397,0.0002723675],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9863706,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9973887,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4293166210","doi":"10.3998/.2629","title":"When Virtues are Vices: 'Anti-Science' Epistemic Values in Environmental Politics","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, Davis; University of Texas at Dallas","keywords":"Epistemology; Epistemic virtue; Epithet; Philosophy of science; Epistemic community; Politics; Appeal; Virtue; Sociology; Axiology; Philosophy; Political science; Law","authors":[{"name":"Daniel Hicks","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03919928136699587,"gpt":0.3593671470205081,"spread":0.3201678656535122,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004558659,0.0001347436,0.0002720769,0.000128829,0.0006382325,0.00003742369,0.0002302351,0.0001836159,0.00007977949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003743159,0.0001304963,0.00003232597,0.0002138004,0.003402378,0.0003845461,0.0001790098,0.0002893301,0.00002497357],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009748619,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001653992,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001683961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002214768,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9956391,0.003107183,0.0002705758,0.0004464388,0.000122845,0.0004138316],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9945534,0.00500555,0.0001534997,0.0001798218,0.00003127808,0.00007643228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009108336,0.0001618219,0.05927489,0.0000145613,0.00002350295,0.00009601976,0.03540042,8.019342e-7,0.000563933,0.9036787,0.000008109599,0.0006861532],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002436369,0.00005146634,0.01028395,0.00002814057,0.00001767181,0.00004884806,0.05443678,8.512409e-7,0.0001531795,0.923786,0.01079418,0.0001552667],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6680662,0.01834295,0.00002931078,0.06154258,0.000890029,0.0002608031,0.00004358812,0.00004330183,0.2507812],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9934981,0.003508314,0.0002525183,0.0022594,0.0002059558,0.00001377811,0.000005847418,0.000005681326,0.0002503523],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.325432,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993098,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4403325871","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.5657","title":"Generalized Selected Effects Functions and Ecology","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Intellectual Property Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Collège Lionel Groulx","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03260144698497335,"gpt":0.351419069492491,"spread":0.3188176225075177,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002511102,0.00009890938,0.0001505691,0.0001263869,0.0002957507,0.00005717526,0.00007503662,0.0002034517,0.0002306622],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009945787,0.00008016347,0.00001855727,0.0003401576,0.0006640769,0.0002686206,0.0000485128,0.0003015904,0.00008121196],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003511767,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009508552,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002715257,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002710197,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946887,0.004608019,0.0001314619,0.0002894303,0.00004223595,0.0002401378],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9841082,0.01567242,0.00002965684,0.00007421482,0.00005559973,0.00005998231],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003914637,0.00002794633,0.0001331146,0.00002305996,0.00004963978,0.00002234486,0.005208954,4.187141e-7,0.001400161,0.9853352,0.0002157768,0.00719197],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000210347,0.0002611237,0.0001217216,0.00001767515,0.00004703474,0.00005757008,0.0004359354,0.00002879375,0.00007078502,0.800849,0.1977713,0.0001287381],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3714896,0.01940278,0.0003944124,0.06949967,0.002553937,0.0008582437,0.00001268234,0.0003441916,0.5354445],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954292,0.001648104,0.0001436639,0.001551886,0.000407379,0.00003703259,0.000005593778,0.000009545259,0.0007675627],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6239396,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4412073151","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.5905","title":"Are There Two Sexes? Yes and No, But Mostly No (and Gender is Something Else Anyway – More or Less)","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Intellectual Property Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Political science","authors":[],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1088112963377679,"gpt":0.4096351217881883,"spread":0.3008238254504205,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003311507,0.0001777759,0.0002720505,0.0001112635,0.0005417542,0.00009890373,0.0001832967,0.0002510218,0.0003746115],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0108854,0.0001279635,0.00002680072,0.0002019654,0.001145932,0.0004786307,0.0001766073,0.000445508,0.00002634712],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003301416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009243568,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000504874,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002159942,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962686,0.002693797,0.0002162701,0.0004258369,0.0000901001,0.0003053923],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9893821,0.01008074,0.0001651957,0.0001641527,0.0001354189,0.00007234071],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002058659,0.00007601147,0.001207508,0.0000829393,0.0001085662,0.00002750286,0.02079169,5.472586e-7,0.0009659197,0.9679915,0.0002477422,0.006441424],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000580083,0.0001315833,0.000209211,0.00005314837,0.00006582846,0.00002411912,0.01647926,0.00002579998,0.0001789976,0.8849878,0.0970003,0.0002638441],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3684508,0.007083729,0.00008270392,0.04794953,0.0005956197,0.0005394941,0.00003658169,0.00007412886,0.5751874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.983382,0.002161707,0.0003067651,0.01190131,0.0002638381,0.0000172952,0.000001746007,0.00001190354,0.001953425],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6149312,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974464,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3180693009","doi":"10.3998/ptpbio.16039257.0013.004","title":"The Search for Ourselves in the Universe: A Review of “Contingency and Convergence: Toward a Cosmic Biology of Body and Mind”","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology","topic":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Dalhousie University","keywords":"COSMIC cancer database; Convergence (economics); Universe; Contingency; Astronomy; Physics; Theoretical physics; Astrophysics; Epistemology; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Letitia Meynell","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09430664482752732,"gpt":0.4344982617058862,"spread":0.3401916168783589,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005219885,0.0001782804,0.0008459094,0.0000758449,0.0000772606,0.00001499223,0.0002482168,0.0001136428,0.00001615778],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000692518,0.00009885919,0.0001056694,0.0002495119,0.0006853734,0.00009358581,0.0001199116,0.0002920726,5.070254e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004951362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002040479,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006298767,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002274767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959806,0.003003848,0.0004613833,0.0003047183,0.00004481999,0.0002046247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9889748,0.01029796,0.00043484,0.0001977714,0.00006552814,0.00002911461],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009219597,0.00004630181,0.0002321324,0.003204093,0.00009043034,0.000001192656,0.0004437983,1.684578e-8,0.000008684094,0.6627333,0.00002598944,0.3331219],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004606159,0.0003767651,0.00001059328,0.009474813,0.0004964944,0.00002968197,0.0038353,0.000001539353,0.000009551791,0.1661504,0.8189267,0.0002275783],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0003239882,0.9944191,0.00002151541,0.002033769,0.0001395837,0.0007362762,0.0000906743,8.955176e-7,0.002234216],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01551875,0.9841127,0.00004182178,0.00008991702,0.0001285669,0.0000571574,0.00003682692,0.000005625104,0.000008618974],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8189007,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4031361,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}