{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":6,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":6,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"fb4ffe577790","filters":{"venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI"}},"results":[{"id":"W2065275668","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.34","title":"Ant Colony with Stochastic Local Search for the Quadratic Assignment Problem","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","field":"Engineering","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Quadratic assignment problem; Mathematical optimization; Ant colony optimization algorithms; Ant colony; Computer science; Quadratic equation; Local search (optimization); ANT; Quadratic programming; Mathematics; Combinatorial optimization; Computer network","authors":[{"name":"Malek Mouhoub","is_ca":true},{"name":"Zhijie Wang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0709008042347709,"gpt":0.3054271221474704,"spread":0.2345263179126995,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005659182,0.0003161005,0.0002386637,0.0001719617,0.0002512201,0.0006285136,0.0005127226,0.00009378924,0.0001518971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006996701,0.0002131605,0.00005122972,0.0003692768,0.0002579941,0.0003235189,0.00003802743,0.0003503996,0.00003935052],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002481045,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001302131,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004574072,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004662664,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978864,0.00001626538,0.0005053803,0.000414013,0.0007170556,0.0004609368],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983962,0.000346238,0.0001303433,0.0001314209,0.0009055643,0.0000902993],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003023601,0.0000849947,0.000127668,0.00003738844,0.0000828514,0.000001749657,0.0002849959,0.6926553,0.00100076,0.2852643,0.0001367948,0.02002085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001388037,0.0005160986,0.00008195668,0.0001839466,0.00004125851,0.00001579453,0.001684952,0.9704519,0.01985272,0.006476485,0.0002204627,0.0003356314],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01158317,0.00001490907,0.9758209,0.00122391,0.0002009791,0.001179821,0.00002859993,0.0002388768,0.009708834],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9722158,0.000007622648,0.02653316,0.00006838402,0.0002640293,0.0005489294,0.00002565308,0.00005878693,0.0002776401],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9606326,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8692433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1976626555","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.66","title":"Improving the Graph-Based Image Segmentation Method","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Image segmentation; Computer science; Preprocessor; Scale-space segmentation; Segmentation-based object categorization; Artificial intelligence; Segmentation; Computer vision; Graph; Image texture; Image (mathematics); Pattern recognition (psychology); Theoretical computer science","authors":[{"name":"Ming Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Reda Alhajj","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06000067701810169,"gpt":0.3200277335863739,"spread":0.2600270565682722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006667175,0.0002772729,0.0001757388,0.0002839896,0.0003307987,0.001899728,0.001457063,0.00008389859,0.0001263165],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001390999,0.0001892077,0.00009706568,0.0007320188,0.000202068,0.001319339,0.0001026138,0.0003199442,0.00009203132],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001165307,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001564843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001255045,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001127792,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976185,0.00003510417,0.0005331766,0.0006332409,0.0008397921,0.0003402138],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978094,0.0001398982,0.000422995,0.0002478764,0.001309793,0.00007007283],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007027829,0.0001163096,0.00006839958,0.00000998881,0.00001408686,0.000002681506,0.0001023252,0.00002650601,0.08505686,0.8018026,0.0001284304,0.1126015],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005623639,0.0002059246,0.0001376832,0.00004422199,0.00001121712,0.000009336318,0.0003864477,0.1782824,0.7232022,0.09702864,0.0003702216,0.0002655228],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001359616,0.000007909242,0.9739073,0.006366927,0.0002165425,0.0004735496,0.00001081088,0.0003658248,0.01729153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8010675,0.000008386131,0.1974791,0.000632565,0.000205147,0.0002238391,0.00002407787,0.00001922914,0.0003401194],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7997079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991364,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1997501911","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.50","title":"Diagnosability Test for Timed Discrete-Event Systems","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Bounded function; Polynomial; Time complexity; Computation; Event (particle physics); Algorithm; Discrete time and continuous time; Theoretical computer science; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"J. Pan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Shahin Hashtrudi-Zad","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08113246542124572,"gpt":0.3180581199877197,"spread":0.2369256545664739,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008791982,0.0004178958,0.0004054584,0.0003103247,0.0002771243,0.002007555,0.00196772,0.0001486549,0.0000702005],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008062049,0.0003477804,0.0001366108,0.0005452124,0.0001725579,0.001328975,0.0002070537,0.0002958853,0.0001997956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003161565,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002011239,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001365229,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003309675,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961784,0.00002249788,0.001026212,0.001095504,0.001065925,0.0006114829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965944,0.0005814671,0.0005111984,0.00036633,0.001785376,0.0001611994],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001144783,0.0003442373,0.001303257,0.0000566498,0.00003764417,0.000004816679,0.0001978124,0.003469371,0.001084593,0.9795301,0.0007547623,0.01310228],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001551763,0.00066213,0.00021682,0.0004026941,0.00001858193,0.00003159408,0.0005618986,0.8921683,0.01695818,0.08464172,0.003515968,0.0006669118],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01713772,0.00003762554,0.9362501,0.002708676,0.001155587,0.001499586,0.0001059491,0.000407756,0.04069703],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9874372,0.000008603432,0.00999897,0.00009130523,0.0006929491,0.0007987495,0.00003644656,0.00003106687,0.0009046751],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9702995,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998974,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1998529837","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.40","title":"Classifying Business Processes for Domain Engineering","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Business process; Business process modeling; Software engineering; Artifact-centric business process model; Eclipse; Business rule; Business domain; Domain (mathematical analysis); Business Process Model and Notation; Functional software architecture; Systems engineering; Software; Process management; Software architecture; Programming language; Engineering; Work in process; Reference architecture","authors":[{"name":"Hafedh Mili","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mohand Frendi","is_ca":true},{"name":"Guitta Bou Jaoude","is_ca":true},{"name":"Louis Martin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Guy Tremblay","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07748061799904307,"gpt":0.2673079499779543,"spread":0.1898273319789112,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003129349,0.0004128663,0.0003486766,0.0006566473,0.000321146,0.002230821,0.0006286408,0.0001243656,0.0001302799],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004853168,0.0003508689,0.00009049789,0.001385648,0.00009911122,0.002194656,0.00008366516,0.0002150377,0.00008821728],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006873029,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001153738,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001817353,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007527816,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976526,0.000001418641,0.0006155648,0.0006806955,0.0005530465,0.0004965964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9951875,0.00006449785,0.0004315292,0.0001142981,0.004175512,0.0000267201],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003867422,0.0002500822,0.002044586,0.0005756388,0.00007724723,0.000003715217,0.00004582133,0.009182102,0.003132117,0.9704324,0.0002985526,0.013571],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005324806,0.0001073062,0.00132024,0.001731334,0.0002691216,0.00001603693,0.002361283,0.5281447,0.008446552,0.4308882,0.02400684,0.002175986],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2971796,0.00009649776,0.6081695,0.01879176,0.001319971,0.001358276,0.00005748801,0.001189464,0.07183743],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9921823,0.00001485338,0.004164671,0.0004327532,0.002448595,0.0003049187,0.0001299083,0.00006366714,0.0002582931],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6950027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998943,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2056931841","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.51","title":"Discover Gene Specific Local Co-regulations Using Progressive Genetic Algorithm","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Saint Mary's University; Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Dalhousie University","keywords":"Genetic algorithm; Position (finance); Window (computing); Computer science; Gene; Population; Algorithm; Data mining; Computational biology; Biology; Genetics; Machine learning; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Ji Zhang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Qigang Gao","is_ca":true},{"name":"Hai Wang","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06341183955686304,"gpt":0.3179801793595039,"spread":0.2545683398026409,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001781165,0.0004915591,0.0003370196,0.0004995352,0.0004122625,0.00147795,0.001249051,0.000142959,0.0002942444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005604433,0.0004430149,0.0001076687,0.0008994155,0.0005003158,0.002045425,0.0001913764,0.0003690729,0.0001732317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004135259,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002651775,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004815956,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006541789,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963005,0.00002728043,0.0007882882,0.001142537,0.00113303,0.0006083304],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970301,0.0000783083,0.0005384459,0.0003117855,0.001861628,0.0001796783],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001269921,0.0005775906,0.0003879855,0.000009398084,0.00008541338,0.00006521073,0.0004072011,0.08871,0.004090597,0.6727847,0.0001190621,0.2326358],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001715281,0.0002316554,0.0006098123,0.00009977441,0.00001401552,0.0001197275,0.0004398411,0.8997449,0.05520873,0.04217981,0.0005541997,0.0006260689],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.005997933,0.00003970336,0.9844512,0.0005081978,0.000513279,0.0007140776,0.00006664674,0.0002583925,0.007450623],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5153612,0.00002249396,0.4835189,0.000114516,0.0004896846,0.000115841,0.00006150678,0.00004189614,0.0002739906],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8110349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998022,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2004681822","doi":"10.1109/ictai.2006.106","title":"Software Maintenance: Similarity and Inclusion of Rules in Knowledge Extraction","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings - International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, TAI","topic":"Software Engineering Research","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; National Research Council Institute for Biodiagnostics; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Maintainability; Software maintenance; Computer science; Software engineering; Verification and validation; Software development; Software metric; Software; Software construction; Set (abstract data type); Data mining; Software sizing; Similarity (geometry); Software system; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Programming language","authors":[{"name":"Marek Reformat","is_ca":true},{"name":"Aashima Kapoor","is_ca":true},{"name":"Nicolino J. Pizzi","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05730947791003136,"gpt":0.321796407484553,"spread":0.2644869295745216,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006006188,0.0002233527,0.0002327691,0.0005339815,0.0001977668,0.0003042418,0.0009169942,0.0001163591,0.0000427358],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000835307,0.0001971223,0.00003891708,0.0005410899,0.0001696916,0.001010104,0.001038096,0.0003970744,0.00001986116],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001635415,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001373051,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001512977,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008248414,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978949,0.00001583988,0.0004972138,0.000558993,0.0006909491,0.0003420899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998288,0.0003451571,0.0001827155,0.0001548123,0.0009486302,0.00008072948],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001901313,0.0003945196,0.01618871,0.00007215573,0.00001720767,0.00001439436,0.001227224,0.0003837174,0.004623299,0.8637469,0.0001057126,0.113036],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004130598,0.0009630416,0.05906294,0.001338017,0.00001319785,0.00007520141,0.0007979077,0.2594059,0.120392,0.55517,0.001323623,0.001045128],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6284884,0.00007447806,0.3603222,0.001367332,0.0003838951,0.0004713646,0.00002065407,0.0002424536,0.008629206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9838663,0.00004522972,0.01576727,0.0000296959,0.00008728834,0.00005291089,0.00000933666,0.00001475118,0.0001272004],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3553779,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8038416,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}