{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":18,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":18,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"1d49627c5892","filters":{"venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science"}},"results":[{"id":"W2073108784","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2007.10.001","title":"CO2 storage in geological media: Role, means, status and barriers to deployment","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Alberta Energy","funders":"","keywords":"Fossil fuel; Environmental science; Waste management; Carbon capture and storage (timeline); Coal; Renewable energy; Petroleum engineering; Natural gas; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Geology; Climate change","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01031050539630843,"gpt":0.2667487035278103,"spread":0.2564381981315018,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008337495,0.00008265816,0.00008232955,0.0001358314,0.0001632146,0.00004285933,0.0001213123,0.00004793719,0.0002364796],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001635095,0.00007063692,0.000007344688,0.0005783016,0.0007894995,0.0002575177,0.0001678406,0.00009702139,0.00000451033],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001266201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002413819,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003215071,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005061733,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988484,0.00004009637,0.0001780343,0.000332783,0.0002677864,0.0003328407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994937,0.00006561109,0.00003428552,0.0000908302,0.00001251959,0.0003030392],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004383244,0.00005348993,0.924731,9.061887e-7,5.615645e-7,0.00002005954,0.001006313,0.005116954,0.000252516,0.008999935,0.00001442943,0.05975998],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002697176,0.0001037233,0.9848226,0.00001320985,0.000001624167,0.00001403416,0.001153542,0.006072932,0.001084642,0.002009612,0.004308272,0.0001460736],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965314,0.0001936961,0.001117819,0.0005469194,0.000110228,0.00007714418,7.137342e-7,0.00002077222,0.001401262],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985602,0.00008857232,0.0007978455,0.0004800292,0.0000081669,0.00002073825,9.273817e-7,0.000001938311,0.00004151941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06009159,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2908944,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2057587585","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2007.11.002","title":"Flame acceleration and transition to detonation in ducts","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Combustion and Detonation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":742,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Detonation; Combustion; Acceleration; Scope (computer science); Turbulence; Homogeneous; Deflagration to detonation transition; Deflagration; Mechanics; Gas phase; Mechanical engineering; Chemistry; Aerospace engineering; Engineering; Thermodynamics; Physics; Classical mechanics; Computer science; Physical chemistry; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01431957924044436,"gpt":0.239758639673801,"spread":0.2254390604333566,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002108092,0.00007321395,0.00007299525,0.0004261818,0.0001103553,0.00004936751,0.00006157397,0.00003711575,0.000006696712],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002896145,0.00007793693,0.000004838994,0.00093405,0.0001471427,0.0005967563,0.00001658987,0.0000512017,9.585918e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004710761,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000277614,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007099652,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009586123,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993233,0.00001403435,0.0001555433,0.0001864366,0.0001897692,0.0001309224],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997747,0.00001887288,0.00001491906,0.00005501682,0.00007506166,0.00006142859],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000670085,0.0001466591,0.0333757,0.0001005099,0.000003287174,0.00002193374,0.006297215,0.2804462,0.004710578,0.03558434,0.00007950301,0.6391671],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001025158,0.00008132755,0.3627154,0.0001157337,0.000003167793,0.00008173091,0.0002982559,0.6012706,0.02987985,0.002812775,0.001302937,0.0004131027],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9857036,0.0007132454,0.01265797,0.0003808423,0.0001095145,0.00007027514,5.508564e-7,0.0000753932,0.0002885462],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985868,0.0004934981,0.0007327328,0.0001130981,0.00001305137,0.00003792988,0.000003153714,0.000004503613,0.00001518309],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.638754,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3178176,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041577694","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2011.11.002","title":"Carbon capture and storage using alkaline industrial wastes","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":646,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Carbonation; Carbon sequestration; Carbon capture and storage (timeline); Alkalinity; Chemistry; Waste management; Weathering; Environmental science; Renewable energy; Carbon fibers; Carbon dioxide; Materials science; Geology; Geochemistry; Engineering; Climate change","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04764199144627487,"gpt":0.2684234799349563,"spread":0.2207814884886814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002563003,0.00006664673,0.00006059826,0.00006355151,0.0001478089,0.00003312984,0.00009235657,0.00005108453,0.0001724873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000273744,0.00005686193,0.000006486883,0.0003188686,0.0008512948,0.000275499,0.0001158517,0.00008184275,8.259366e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004039709,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001665793,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008982074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004114087,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999341,0.00003315502,0.0001087749,0.0002266001,0.0001465861,0.0001439405],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997844,0.0000126943,0.00004800186,0.00008015858,0.00001151581,0.00006328481],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001008115,0.0002601046,0.8453199,0.000005181819,0.000004680292,0.00003827522,0.003383972,0.003384867,0.004472424,0.01617374,0.00003967557,0.1268163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002207564,0.0004653033,0.4740804,0.0001631285,0.00004401203,0.0003813662,0.003340597,0.4799516,0.0192937,0.01198798,0.006930026,0.001154364],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959942,0.0001137147,0.0002004342,0.00009026441,0.0001666201,0.00004188911,5.035967e-7,0.00001599353,0.00337637],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990391,0.00002161681,0.0007423516,0.00006571165,0.00001602063,0.000006292573,6.47184e-7,0.00000183049,0.0001064912],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4765667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3136631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2040094339","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2008.07.004","title":"A review on solar-hydrogen/fuel cell hybrid energy systems for stationary applications","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":491,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Pamukkale Üniversitesi","keywords":"Photovoltaic system; Hydrogen production; Exergy; Hydrogen; Exergy efficiency; Solar energy; Hydrogen fuel; Process engineering; Environmental science; Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector; Nuclear engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Electrical engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03494972558654349,"gpt":0.3123573541451851,"spread":0.2774076285586417,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009980412,0.0007765161,0.001841565,0.0009150459,0.0006021668,0.0001659866,0.001194888,0.0002596225,0.000008480242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007694257,0.0006690513,0.0003337518,0.002057232,0.0008355655,0.0003617829,0.0002069291,0.0002477949,0.00001316439],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004375592,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00102477,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000375903,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000621706,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9946916,0.0004629175,0.001526756,0.001594864,0.0008807369,0.0008430859],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967237,0.0004617139,0.001041042,0.001058232,0.0003772503,0.0003380217],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008454803,0.0002210143,0.000002677525,0.02480464,0.00003602106,0.00002153816,0.00001163529,0.008440875,1.751612e-7,0.02949327,0.001140488,0.9358192],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002854044,0.00008942431,2.321603e-7,0.02176752,0.0001160372,0.0003007858,0.000009878314,0.004770687,0.00002135781,0.0002853684,0.9716672,0.0006861592],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[8.050971e-7,0.9910712,0.004853312,0.0000272651,0.0005730777,0.001060516,0.00008854707,0.0001481185,0.002177199],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0005689074,0.9855226,0.0002455787,0.0002203346,0.000325101,0.011195,0.0005171848,0.0001040069,0.001301262],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9705266,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995761,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2773891086","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2017.11.002","title":"Thermally stable polymers for advanced high-performance gas separation membranes","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Membrane Separation and Gas Transport","field":"Engineering","cited_by":332,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Membrane; Polymer; Gas separation; Materials science; Thermal stability; Synthetic membrane; Polymeric membrane; Membrane technology; Chemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Process engineering; Chemistry; Engineering; Composite material","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01294494506732015,"gpt":0.2695838528195096,"spread":0.2566389077521894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002609822,0.00009583542,0.0001035597,0.00008843,0.0004343237,0.0001327062,0.0002339955,0.00003839922,0.00001385174],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008874414,0.00009022227,0.00001226853,0.0001122215,0.0002959871,0.0009506234,0.00001345805,0.00004106144,8.238936e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001775135,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002969504,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008944446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005124705,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992721,0.000005846668,0.0001498288,0.0001913457,0.0001628992,0.000217981],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996204,0.0000128601,0.00004877817,0.0002082842,0.00005368813,0.00005599987],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001711169,0.00005587425,0.01419537,0.0002266837,0.00001068459,0.000002635482,0.0004012898,0.3699801,0.01581837,0.02205503,0.00001820469,0.5770646],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001537013,0.0001031191,0.0595376,0.0001057065,0.00001073001,0.000005615439,0.00005354537,0.5857769,0.3474229,0.0004713878,0.004587615,0.0003879219],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9936625,0.0007366532,0.003362396,0.0001335409,0.000369366,0.0001120423,0.000002610451,0.00007471516,0.001546144],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982355,0.0006940753,0.0007547902,0.00003357325,0.00002432849,0.00007996464,0.000007068578,0.000007884609,0.0001628768],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5766767,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3679157,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011876999","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2012.04.001","title":"Solid acid mediated hydrolysis of biomass for producing biofuels","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Catalysis for Biomass Conversion","field":"Engineering","cited_by":275,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Hydrolysis; Chemistry; Cellulose; Catalysis; Lignocellulosic biomass; Organic chemistry; Biomass (ecology); Biofuel; Waste management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01123634088852634,"gpt":0.2597281318028765,"spread":0.2484917909143502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005625703,0.00008648705,0.0001349428,0.0003452226,0.00007062843,0.00001907024,0.0001580641,0.00004798993,0.000003801143],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005417179,0.0000805786,0.00002809081,0.0009765011,0.0003104187,0.0004270862,0.00005642394,0.00002748421,7.034138e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003884346,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001485869,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006963537,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006756978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991594,0.000009900368,0.0001909128,0.0001746242,0.0001940198,0.0002711334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996159,0.00003160344,0.0000517025,0.0001618807,0.0000627921,0.00007610921],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000326537,0.0001219541,0.06791879,0.0002019438,0.00003065565,6.56776e-7,0.0008583984,0.001373606,0.790069,0.001222971,0.00002363819,0.1381457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002269847,0.00002119858,0.005834669,0.0000288118,0.00001354747,0.000002599188,0.00004489671,0.06526652,0.9280436,0.0001121544,0.0002872347,0.0001177937],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918047,0.003479725,0.004216068,0.00004053873,0.0002742637,0.00007755798,0.000005286364,0.00006394707,0.00003793536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988512,0.00006897539,0.0009864828,0.00000653003,0.00002502407,0.00003793351,0.00001248502,0.000007292942,0.000004088099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.138028,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.32859,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4310063605","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055","title":"Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":246,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"Business Finland; Liikenteen Turvallisuusvirasto Trafi","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Carbon neutrality; Methane; Environmental science; NOx; Diesel fuel; Environmental engineering; Renewable energy; Waste management; Carbon fibers; Renewable fuels; Diesel exhaust; Biofuel; Particulates; Chemistry; Engineering; Combustion","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0121638240795343,"gpt":0.2528691657700252,"spread":0.2407053416904909,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000381202,0.00009740878,0.0000897246,0.0001870382,0.0004759612,0.00003919359,0.0001806698,0.00002960843,0.0006367815],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008264739,0.00008719181,0.00001073644,0.001009921,0.000574814,0.0002201163,0.000227345,0.0001516789,3.597103e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005532531,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001585522,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003161242,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001278758,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988965,0.00005124387,0.0001616658,0.0004163609,0.0002695379,0.0002047151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996539,0.00001869764,0.00004039753,0.0001597968,0.000004575349,0.0001226097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002097082,0.0002206619,0.2513388,0.000003573824,6.408202e-7,0.000003686834,0.0009038911,0.002576594,0.0002628101,0.001979599,0.00004059991,0.7426482],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009615203,0.000156125,0.8745244,0.00007102569,0.00001409243,0.00005895741,0.001504188,0.04601642,0.0001709068,0.004241229,0.07181458,0.000466565],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950553,0.003316509,0.00008584747,0.0009497112,0.0001667441,0.00004931479,0.00001102423,0.00002410624,0.0003414942],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983565,0.0008044297,0.0006440497,0.0000258569,0.00002798342,0.00005309379,0.000005789786,0.000004876089,0.00007739913],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7421817,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6972311,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4381997232","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101100","title":"Use of hydrogen in dual-fuel diesel engines","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":218,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Diesel fuel; Ultra-low-sulfur diesel; Hydrogen fuel enhancement; Combustion; Diesel exhaust; Hydrogen fuel; Hydrogen; Waste management; Diesel engine; Exhaust gas recirculation; Internal combustion engine; Environmental science; Chemistry; Exhaust gas; Engineering; Automotive engineering; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02992367132211525,"gpt":0.278066356399553,"spread":0.2481426850774378,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002463342,0.0001073646,0.0001536028,0.0006157074,0.00003425402,0.00001630465,0.0001717226,0.00006742114,0.000002876068],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003640933,0.0001035205,0.00001630091,0.002529671,0.0004979504,0.0004214664,0.0002130188,0.0001133762,0.000001338026],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004007094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001858442,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001325706,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001049023,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989669,0.0000108755,0.0002375493,0.0002650051,0.0002324183,0.0002872241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995301,0.0001193203,0.00005126372,0.0002039191,0.00005645226,0.00003893678],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001494229,0.00005726169,0.03069687,0.00005690776,0.000003629087,0.00002857493,0.0001966135,0.8401134,0.007538354,0.06686293,0.000008481732,0.054422],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003614351,0.00003214879,0.02133441,0.0001499594,0.000002946807,0.000009550044,0.0001733178,0.912924,0.05773811,0.006361233,0.0006659894,0.0002469012],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940575,0.0007623716,0.004389249,0.0001931864,0.0000877421,0.00005707447,0.000002400521,0.000394663,0.00005583505],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975092,0.0004449115,0.001903994,0.000008688654,0.000006994931,0.00004706977,0.00000267262,0.000008615101,0.00006788177],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07281056,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4221444,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4296906659","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101040","title":"Advances in biomass torrefaction: Parameters, models, reactors, applications, deployment, and market","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":205,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"European Commission; Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Systems Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Raw material; Biochar; Renewable energy; Environmental science; Waste management; Biofuel; Bioenergy; Fossil fuel; Pyrolysis; Process engineering; Engineering; Chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009504014565921393,"gpt":0.2288430368206877,"spread":0.2193390222547663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002232781,0.00008051649,0.00007902322,0.0001886482,0.0001200365,0.00004222094,0.000162811,0.00002487965,0.00001401416],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005885572,0.00008423312,0.000006762802,0.0007377748,0.0002210552,0.000623095,0.0001156371,0.00007755074,1.236539e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009642815,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001697618,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008765506,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009360917,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992491,0.00002174677,0.0001342216,0.0002453797,0.0001906177,0.0001589454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997616,0.00003892048,0.00002963596,0.0001007729,0.00001595211,0.00005314779],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007126263,0.0001249724,0.0410735,0.0001387951,0.000004672842,0.000006636986,0.0002057977,0.007026296,0.0074826,0.009430137,0.00007491087,0.9343604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002920072,0.0002499313,0.01355448,0.0002143656,0.00002807161,0.0001425717,0.003306817,0.560536,0.2560827,0.04869461,0.1122882,0.001982204],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9578522,0.03800604,0.002622051,0.0001732465,0.0002281289,0.0001832183,0.000007130507,0.0001963655,0.0007315786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965518,0.002638061,0.0005176846,0.00001990554,0.000004622823,0.0002498553,0.000003199199,0.000005786391,0.000009142394],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9323782,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3434927,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2011015632","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.003","title":"Effect of contaminants on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":203,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Electrolyte; Membrane; Anode; Cathode; Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Hydrogen fuel; Polymer; Hydrogen; Chemical energy; Proton exchange membrane fuel cell; Waste management; Electrode; Organic chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.002674160502338249,"gpt":0.2141449022241151,"spread":0.2114707417217769,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004078923,0.00009054273,0.0001356663,0.000122881,0.00004057101,0.00002556284,0.0001284296,0.00007409065,0.00001659095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007692666,0.0000677092,0.00001370566,0.0002434471,0.0002956646,0.00009124852,0.00002040146,0.00009837665,0.00000168958],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006820134,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009752433,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006795657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000056741,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999367,0.00002181859,0.0001328362,0.0001431836,0.0001476963,0.0001874611],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997444,0.00004841089,0.00002944698,0.0001127921,0.00001807656,0.0000469435],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006824532,0.00004010191,0.0007339798,0.000270822,0.000005234579,0.000006042644,0.00006203112,0.002868922,0.9560902,0.00209447,0.000004903458,0.03775511],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003240141,0.0001457296,0.0004003999,0.00003867765,0.000004445011,0.000004045431,0.000001767057,0.009066483,0.9897065,0.00003827112,0.0001905843,0.00007905745],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9955227,0.00224841,0.00001462375,0.000008222118,0.0007336478,0.00004749846,0.000001071576,0.00003572027,0.001388113],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999064,0.0008198731,0.00002857818,0.000008346813,0.00001785594,0.00001122344,6.593337e-7,0.000006729573,0.00004276709],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03767605,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2761101,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2528625415","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2016.08.003","title":"Liquid jet in a subsonic gaseous crossflow: Recent progress and remaining challenges","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","field":"Engineering","cited_by":168,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Breakup; Mechanics; Nozzle; Turbulence; Jet (fluid); Injector; Weber number; Penetration (warfare); Chemistry; Physics; Thermodynamics; Engineering; Reynolds number; Operations research","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01590761789282554,"gpt":0.244327225592236,"spread":0.2284196076994104,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005126276,0.0001238097,0.0001401575,0.0002091824,0.00008294235,0.00005885634,0.0001344308,0.00006593321,0.000004619519],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001571148,0.00009276879,0.000009932818,0.0003374596,0.0005750879,0.0002608774,0.00004680147,0.00007479396,5.606118e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006671407,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003089392,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004062515,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003516403,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989499,0.00002240985,0.0001881934,0.0003053643,0.0001820654,0.0003520515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999687,0.00003836807,0.00001154094,0.0001320716,0.00004237224,0.0000886547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009905061,0.00007997343,0.04343328,0.00009324757,0.000005072252,0.00004235723,0.0008587448,0.000845856,0.001169912,0.0470617,0.000003468985,0.9063073],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007467885,0.001546047,0.3732544,0.004284829,0.00002756357,0.0002366026,0.0006252747,0.5694349,0.02050912,0.008430393,0.01176007,0.002422954],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9671777,0.03098562,0.0006208797,0.0007021503,0.000148191,0.00007447282,0.000002024924,0.00006422045,0.0002247686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9672259,0.03235878,0.0003117946,0.00001538001,0.00001597876,0.00005629787,5.929722e-7,0.00001044227,0.000004804153],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9038844,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3783001,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3154456584","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100902","title":"Continuum scale modelling and complementary experimentation of solid oxide cells","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement","keywords":"Solid oxide fuel cell; Energy transformation; Process engineering; Chemical energy; Oxide; Renewable energy; Electric potential energy; Range (aeronautics); Biochemical engineering; Electrochemical energy conversion; Electricity; Electricity generation; Computer science; Chemistry; Power (physics); Engineering; Electrochemistry; Thermodynamics; Electrical engineering; Physics; Aerospace engineering; Electrode","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02191373238100319,"gpt":0.3066962961263345,"spread":0.2847825637453313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004751245,0.00009895094,0.0001653376,0.00008922304,0.0001526972,0.00005651316,0.000157102,0.000027048,0.00005237699],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000827919,0.000100579,0.00001170906,0.0003055561,0.0009330143,0.0004905907,0.000221986,0.00003896854,7.958243e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003317995,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005124185,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002547664,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003115242,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986598,0.00006014877,0.0003134132,0.0003944833,0.0003322555,0.0002399278],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994445,0.0000469588,0.0001369036,0.0001656674,0.0001373776,0.00006856585],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003471135,0.000133785,0.006384325,0.00003998958,0.000002110414,0.00000759231,0.0008139917,0.01603773,0.9682013,0.00265444,0.0000141862,0.005675872],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00037919,0.00002904306,0.0004860053,0.00005932937,0.000004539599,0.000006250797,0.0009007099,0.0192081,0.9770631,0.001583053,0.0001710481,0.000109655],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9631986,0.002057597,0.03426995,0.00004059434,0.0002273059,0.00006412413,0.000008669742,0.00001522688,0.0001179036],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9580061,0.0003214386,0.04150139,0.00008240079,0.00001250731,0.00001887154,0.000004091249,0.000005276685,0.00004793377],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008861803,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4101491,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2064616253","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2006.10.001","title":"Reactivation of limestone sorbents in FBC for SO2 capture","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":101,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; Natural Resources Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Sorbent; Combustion; Waste management; Fluidized bed combustion; Environmental science; Chemistry; Fluidized bed; Engineering; Adsorption","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009018780975133455,"gpt":0.2567806577969916,"spread":0.2477618768218581,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002472993,0.00004780418,0.00007095288,0.00009575947,0.0000191782,0.000007768226,0.00007944398,0.00004567284,6.472364e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005382359,0.00004532057,0.000007548767,0.0003930745,0.0001622554,0.0001123785,0.00001461208,0.0000472513,4.496247e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000269384,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001060029,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009534877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001046666,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995283,0.000002124298,0.0001308133,0.0001090815,0.00009694035,0.0001327716],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998095,0.00005232999,0.00002289309,0.00005048302,0.00003876984,0.00002603567],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001887834,0.0003093573,0.03413048,0.0004941138,0.000008232729,0.000003143642,0.0008474228,0.01123531,0.4172839,0.02956928,0.00002383732,0.5059062],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003368287,0.00001533818,0.005222147,0.0001289746,0.000001690268,0.00000155189,0.00006825018,0.01693959,0.9717969,0.005304645,0.00008671099,0.00009738556],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9938924,0.00106387,0.004591822,0.000027403,0.00005526427,0.00003650075,6.639434e-7,0.00002616878,0.0003059442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992951,0.00004836177,0.0006153524,0.000009495556,0.00001062421,0.00000985821,0.000002279705,0.00000360375,0.000005397527],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.554513,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1848119,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4366384730","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101095","title":"Polyurethane-based membranes for CO2 separation: A comprehensive review","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Membrane Separation and Gas Transport","field":"Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences; Sharif University of Technology; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Membrane; Polyurethane; Gas separation; Permeation; Chemical engineering; Polymer; Materials science; Thermal stability; Air separation; Selectivity; Polymer chemistry; Chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry; Composite material; Catalysis; Oxygen","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07393168669057343,"gpt":0.3764559866113896,"spread":0.3025242999208161,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004811288,0.0003103529,0.0008869115,0.0003652943,0.0001379743,0.0000716787,0.0003043062,0.0001508114,0.00001376173],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002197196,0.0002726797,0.0001345609,0.001398409,0.0003514867,0.0001697883,0.00001791496,0.0001395281,0.000006335343],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004911553,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002064359,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001962924,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001466506,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983052,0.0000539726,0.0005802483,0.0004311898,0.0003228401,0.0003065313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992186,0.0001621907,0.0001188723,0.0002599244,0.000131693,0.0001087396],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000065845,0.00002273943,0.00000353731,0.1401535,0.00002321008,0.000009324062,0.00002411823,0.003683396,6.837782e-7,0.001838918,0.000333585,0.8539004],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002099793,0.00002471952,0.000003656744,0.02260247,0.0001174875,0.00001345363,0.000003140661,0.0136366,0.00002811722,0.00004716666,0.9629933,0.0003199272],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000005346297,0.9974187,0.001101123,0.00006097549,0.0004232693,0.0006533716,0.00002496897,0.0002186145,0.00009361123],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001210186,0.9983245,0.0002900576,0.0001474918,0.00005188712,0.0007795919,0.0001780736,0.0000336691,0.00007377918],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9626597,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999725,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4411194123","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101234","title":"Progress in multi-scale modeling of soot particle aggregation in laminar sooting flames","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; National Research Council Canada","funders":"Safran; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Mitacs; University of Minnesota; Labex EMC3; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail; University of Windsor","keywords":"Soot; Laminar flow; Scale (ratio); Particle (ecology); Chemistry; Chemical engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials science; Combustion; Physics; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01885371844564498,"gpt":0.2920425828354526,"spread":0.2731888643898076,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004404297,0.0001166786,0.0001833576,0.0004428407,0.00005235639,0.00002187743,0.0002629068,0.00008499347,0.000001024306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001713428,0.000119739,0.00001585517,0.001775146,0.0004376576,0.0003789348,0.00017061,0.0001708639,1.658768e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001008929,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003703286,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001907426,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008196878,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987715,0.00002292435,0.0003839498,0.0003280349,0.000187461,0.000306093],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999593,0.00005404362,0.00007190019,0.0001784131,0.00007597659,0.00002672649],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002038427,0.0001122717,0.1540841,0.0000505492,0.000001204062,0.00000309007,0.0002401148,0.6644157,0.001122436,0.01703474,1.203962e-7,0.1629153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005479542,0.00001601106,0.00689795,0.0004112983,0.000001826617,9.876251e-7,0.0004645025,0.9449564,0.04473552,0.001853106,0.000004505367,0.0001099399],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8717853,0.002665281,0.1250752,0.0001778372,0.00005640307,0.00008698682,4.158305e-7,0.0001120195,0.00004055497],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9849781,0.0001088724,0.0147905,0.000008418137,0.0000033899,0.0000845936,0.000001024946,0.000006122674,0.00001894449],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2805407,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4882813,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4400494679","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101172","title":"Advances and challenges of the Conditional Source-term Estimation model for turbulent reacting flows","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Combustion and flame dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Term (time); Turbulence; Estimation; Statistical physics; Environmental science; Econometrics; Mechanics; Engineering; Mathematics; Physics; Systems engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0175369426459012,"gpt":0.2603385218758044,"spread":0.2428015792299032,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002012771,0.00005682893,0.00005774714,0.00008165382,0.00008151907,0.00004012495,0.00007311942,0.0000256634,6.188499e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001785166,0.00004463286,0.00001336169,0.0001437977,0.0002046594,0.0002536637,0.00002764089,0.00004526299,4.343947e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002058291,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001684319,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":4.04022e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008336666,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995449,0.000006436446,0.0001102522,0.0001301976,0.0001194946,0.00008876723],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998143,0.00005315949,0.00001907398,0.00006074502,0.00003128485,0.00002147979],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002599756,0.000006295583,0.0001238345,0.0001532426,0.000001305084,1.580328e-7,0.0002516105,0.5645184,0.00007306218,0.04387929,8.178141e-7,0.3909894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006563505,0.000006429126,0.0007853294,0.0001303885,0.000003914119,0.000009179498,0.00005723371,0.9914715,0.0002651513,0.006950767,0.0002009191,0.00005357419],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3979431,0.04356272,0.5567265,0.00079448,0.0004218904,0.0001790492,0.000009028245,0.0001483018,0.0002149332],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957023,0.002781934,0.001447052,0.000006852675,0.00001142623,0.00003340018,0.000002426782,0.000004585684,0.00001008068],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5977591,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1820075,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4411046965","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2025.101235","title":"Techniques for measuring flare combustion efficiency and destruction removal efficiency: A review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Oil, Gas, and Environmental Issues","field":"Energy","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Office of Science; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Combustion; Flare; Waste management; Environmental science; Chemistry; Process engineering; Environmental engineering; Nuclear engineering; Engineering; Aerospace engineering; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03206876368939658,"gpt":0.3181353801396165,"spread":0.2860666164502199,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00140826,0.0004272827,0.0009849229,0.0005276335,0.0005061977,0.0001423516,0.0004389567,0.0002501702,0.000007008476],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002158184,0.0003643025,0.0001291516,0.001237799,0.001071322,0.0003504901,0.0002546786,0.0002112792,9.523537e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002107007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001603347,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005161639,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003808619,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972697,0.0001758703,0.0006792889,0.0009532482,0.0004603906,0.0004614239],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989513,0.0001520753,0.0003332731,0.000361826,0.00008666278,0.0001148201],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007218081,0.00005983392,0.00002490869,0.0146661,0.000006163608,0.000004431546,0.00003090296,0.000036275,0.00000166156,0.006577815,0.00001140063,0.9785733],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000447401,0.0002761395,0.00005268638,0.1344537,0.0005657042,0.0002988273,0.00007491193,0.00145351,0.000361506,0.00205162,0.8588241,0.001139889],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001285614,0.9962596,0.001962814,0.00004419273,0.0003181362,0.0006563437,0.000007030926,0.000124008,0.000499354],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001986013,0.9947078,0.002449675,0.00005589806,0.00006514193,0.0005148093,0.00003833808,0.00002331104,0.000158974],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9774334,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989108540","doi":"10.1016/j.pecs.2012.11.001","title":"Corrigendum to “Solid acid mediated hydrolysis of biomass for producing biofuels” [Prog Energ Combust Sci (2012) 672–690]","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"erratum","venue":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","topic":"Biofuel production and bioconversion","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Hydrolysis; Solid acid; Chemistry; Bioenergy; Waste management; Environmental science; Pulp and paper industry; Engineering; Biochemistry; Catalysis; Biology; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01958479275893418,"gpt":0.2523270784233088,"spread":0.2327422856643746,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001212244,0.0004585146,0.0005992059,0.001244135,0.0002835984,0.0001101948,0.0006823,0.000511586,0.00004211039],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001273793,0.0004237017,0.00009867437,0.00224183,0.0008559444,0.0005806737,0.000242107,0.0003404623,0.000006267811],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001716328,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001826135,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003680158,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004864239,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969711,0.00005420309,0.0006486347,0.0009119384,0.0006034063,0.0008107342],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984108,0.00002535625,0.0002572487,0.0005737628,0.0003998099,0.0003330694],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005998525,0.00145552,0.008612979,0.01010395,0.0003977497,0.00001762515,0.002873439,0.002726082,0.1285053,0.002028257,0.2980645,0.5446147],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001331551,0.0004376445,0.00228323,0.0009135884,0.000181344,0.00003515899,0.0002541179,0.04226068,0.3760315,0.0003341451,0.5740336,0.001903528],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"editorial","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2108686,0.3229096,0.02980405,0.006190689,0.4108481,0.007611006,0.001076638,0.003545289,0.007146047],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890794,0.002407411,0.001715591,0.0001162951,0.0009405329,0.0003056704,0.0003130528,0.00007890834,0.005043102],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7782108,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998215,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}