{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":54,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":54,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"f7327fb66454","filters":{"venue":"Public Choice"}},"results":[{"id":"W2108581139","doi":"10.1007/s11127-008-9295-9","title":"The institutions of economic freedom and entrepreneurship: evidence from panel data","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":387,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Economic freedom; Entrepreneurship; Property rights; Panel data; Government (linguistics); Index of Economic Freedom; Public finance; Access to finance; Economics; Empirical evidence; Business; Public economics; Finance; Market economy; Macroeconomics; Microeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Kristina Nystrôm","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3440121529452297,"gpt":0.3584926424042184,"spread":0.01448048945898872,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004989979,0.00005089564,0.0000813416,0.00002708259,0.000661791,0.00009841224,0.0006061919,0.00003202467,0.0004185893],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001033209,0.00004366156,0.00001628615,0.00006417371,0.0004839247,0.0006136694,0.000247181,0.00005679817,0.0001101358],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009346067,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006896718,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01272579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04468006,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992878,0.0000615989,0.0001821908,0.0002187285,0.00009004864,0.0001596481],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998647,0.000728382,0.00008649445,0.0004074784,0.00002736775,0.0001032877],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009443588,0.00004575585,0.8678579,0.000003681531,0.0000543749,0.00000121071,0.01020805,0.00002397742,0.00003281145,0.02463076,0.01220755,0.0849245],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009769157,0.00000208596,0.2749298,0.00000660803,0.000003917134,7.334552e-7,0.0005024264,0.0001631047,0.000002223914,0.0001034613,0.7241333,0.00005469035],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.963119,0.0008680917,0.0000781569,0.01796413,0.0009929831,0.0001414011,0.00005746901,0.00003413347,0.0167446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947924,0.003143425,0.0001243697,0.0001036006,0.0002293727,0.000007448588,0.0000147551,0.000002567495,0.001582042],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7119257,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9938486,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2023912427","doi":"10.1023/b:puch.0000024169.08329.eb","title":"Modeling Other-Regarding Preferences and an Experimental Test","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":216,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Inequity aversion; Public finance; Dictator; Social preferences; Economics; Equity (law); Dictator game; Extension (predicate logic); Microeconomics; Test (biology); Generosity; Positive economics; Econometrics; Public economics; Political science; Inequality; Computer science; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Norman Frohlich","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joe Oppenheimer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anja Kurki","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1051325119547833,"gpt":0.3713126555822274,"spread":0.2661801436274441,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002424351,0.0001111315,0.0001276966,0.0000518511,0.0006894013,0.000325959,0.0002049377,0.00005586409,0.00006714199],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001223743,0.0001130958,0.00002708997,0.00009703851,0.0002128879,0.001059117,0.00009708179,0.00007716692,0.00001482098],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002429165,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008431583,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01550853,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01209551,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999075,0.00003241805,0.0001438033,0.0002836875,0.0001545498,0.0003105749],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995856,0.00004682738,0.00003712043,0.000115701,0.00003815383,0.0001765975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002442971,0.002383794,0.4783033,0.00002290048,0.00009144039,0.000005889911,0.2213167,0.0007699318,0.05303546,0.2325391,0.0002009992,0.01130606],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01263787,0.002185859,0.01237231,0.0003063232,0.0001457071,0.00002208545,0.7201997,0.009065829,0.07075847,0.03529496,0.1308472,0.006163651],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9618473,0.0005925383,0.00002861184,0.001248571,0.0001473201,0.0001526468,0.000005553296,0.0001174111,0.03586004],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987408,0.00003423071,0.0005912415,0.0002124781,0.0002593712,0.00004356264,0.00000214541,0.00001267003,0.0001034784],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.498883,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9910473,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2017492304","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9165-x","title":"A minimax procedure for electing committees","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":164,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Minimax; Outcome (game theory); Voting; Approval voting; Mathematical economics; Rendering (computer graphics); Computer science; Operations research; Cardinal voting systems; Economics; Law; Political science; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Steven J. Brams","is_ca":false},{"name":"D. Marc Kilgour","is_ca":true},{"name":"M. Remzi Sanver","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06914424310011429,"gpt":0.2690698077407422,"spread":0.1999255646406279,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002358961,0.0001123702,0.0002423431,0.0001762784,0.0001761128,0.0001227574,0.0002376274,0.00008964541,0.00008210738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001653601,0.0001295317,0.00009264426,0.0002920023,0.0000260839,0.0002122044,0.00002779523,0.0001191084,0.0001509676],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000062878,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001661377,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001013824,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001880746,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987634,0.000008626253,0.0004636481,0.0002926512,0.00002538372,0.0004462356],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989412,0.0004263007,0.0002798364,0.0002077001,0.0000531474,0.00009185296],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001971672,0.0001135897,0.377647,0.0001735956,0.00005753888,6.649668e-7,0.0007992307,0.00000184509,0.0001008878,0.6143423,0.004210851,0.002532704],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008452492,0.00007888287,0.0614612,0.00002364283,0.000004690608,0.00001373674,0.0002858241,0.0005656561,0.0003084146,0.02212401,0.9139335,0.0003552469],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8772103,0.0009097807,0.01401823,0.002257019,0.0007741773,0.000533423,0.00004641393,0.0001888539,0.1040618],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950078,0.000002416824,0.0005138735,0.0004836253,0.0005952278,0.00004082503,0.00001058038,0.0000257453,0.003319913],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9097226,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5282151,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2059728390","doi":"10.1007/s11127-008-9334-6","title":"Studying the role of political competition in the evolution of government size over long horizons","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":70,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Cointegration; Politics; Competition (biology); Economics; Government (linguistics); Government spending; Public expenditure; Public economics; Macroeconomics; Economic system; Econometrics; Political science; Market economy; Law","authors":[{"name":"J. Stephen Ferris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Soo‐Bin Park","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stanley L. Winer","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02505063785717748,"gpt":0.2188928940343185,"spread":0.193842256177141,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004260724,0.00008312187,0.0002242588,0.00004188936,0.00008410963,0.00002055519,0.0002830354,0.00005104419,0.0001872742],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004774325,0.00006343826,0.00009514079,0.0002198825,0.0002032052,0.0001509231,0.00006702039,0.0001466321,0.00002169217],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002887771,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000251427,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008064729,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004667687,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998915,0.00003751384,0.0004900924,0.0001456768,0.00008575948,0.0003260151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988396,0.0006375418,0.0001707286,0.0002791573,0.00001832168,0.00005461504],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002028564,0.0001079413,0.2878991,0.000006545262,0.000009411472,1.523961e-7,0.0001982646,0.000004405766,0.000003905133,0.7116003,0.0001171149,0.00005081928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002902525,0.00005375642,0.9345015,0.000005954334,0.000003349023,0.00000330144,0.0007828723,0.0006004969,0.00002038452,0.02893878,0.03472288,0.00007648652],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8704417,0.0004106863,0.0001402999,0.005617429,0.00008790306,0.0001789895,0.0001517066,0.000005657332,0.1229656],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991856,0.00001472501,0.00001674428,0.0005045364,0.000144388,0.00002068189,0.000002383529,0.000006997182,0.0001039877],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6826615,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985406,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2980153177","doi":"10.1007/s11127-019-00723-2","title":"The prevalence and consequences of ballot truncation in ranked-choice elections","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Ballot; Truncation (statistics); Ranked voting system; Voting; Turnout; Condorcet method; Spoilt vote; Public finance; Economics; Econometrics; Statistics; Political science; Mathematics; Group voting ticket; Law; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"D. Marc Kilgour","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean‐Charles Grégoire","is_ca":true},{"name":"Angèle M. Foley","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.031795294941642,"gpt":0.2340985627719292,"spread":0.2023032678302872,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001347941,0.00007071876,0.0001712319,0.0001131478,0.00008679925,0.00008138196,0.0002006302,0.00004921418,0.000100711],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009846359,0.00006412493,0.00002996048,0.0003086114,0.000111826,0.0002776544,0.0000256922,0.0001077829,0.00007820736],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003679316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002591765,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007205941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003703438,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991183,0.00005468585,0.0004039705,0.000216525,0.00003164189,0.0001748614],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987028,0.0007329864,0.0002730561,0.0002200626,0.00003853395,0.0000325549],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003427345,0.0000182949,0.6599694,0.00006841311,0.00001101594,2.913932e-8,0.0001483826,0.000004643062,0.0001393343,0.3393885,0.00003443857,0.0002141476],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004924697,0.00005206477,0.905958,0.00003799382,0.00000350142,0.000005020702,0.00008256808,0.0006685337,0.00009604992,0.01577627,0.07669101,0.0001365189],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9774624,0.002136219,0.0000525644,0.001594602,0.0003338782,0.0002503464,0.00001736813,0.00001831995,0.01813434],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964955,0.0001822071,0.00001403477,0.00005815901,0.00004389788,0.0000263669,0.00000157415,0.000006358493,0.003171917],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3236122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2614939,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2086328886","doi":"10.1007/s11127-006-4317-y","title":"Consumer capture of regulatory institutions: The creation of public utility consumer advocates in the United States","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Legislature; Public finance; Politics; Public economics; State (computer science); Public administration; Campaign finance; Public choice; Economics; Consumer Advocacy; Business; Political science; Public relations; Law","authors":[{"name":"Guy L. F. Holburn","is_ca":true},{"name":"Richard G. Vanden Bergh","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06428062172181144,"gpt":0.2774111828260766,"spread":0.2131305611042651,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007599748,0.0001302655,0.0001645151,0.0002534674,0.0001430447,0.0002442172,0.0003882565,0.00006953005,0.00009402889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005274552,0.00007770971,0.00005333552,0.001376436,0.0008790127,0.001182923,0.0000603404,0.0001605101,0.00001479859],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001821921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001487173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02775718,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002488121,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988157,0.00006632165,0.0004115442,0.0001577081,0.00027462,0.0002741702],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985373,0.0002995557,0.000271125,0.0003570846,0.0005247238,0.00001022005],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006573234,0.0001786241,0.2583018,0.0001113793,0.00002179748,7.869366e-7,0.00007067392,0.00006429829,0.00007415294,0.7368838,0.003750507,0.0005356162],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003676572,0.000004030573,0.6543404,0.00003164338,0.00004392897,0.000001249294,0.002366783,0.0009920449,0.00006636445,0.03406938,0.3075795,0.0001370535],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9537759,0.0004854913,0.00005852298,0.007841243,0.00006788791,0.000261199,0.00001767216,0.00004009333,0.03745202],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978651,0.00001996034,0.000006089761,0.001701571,0.0001035674,0.00003405418,0.0002021933,0.000006034724,0.00006143385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7028144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9787171,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1979545320","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9260-z","title":"Step return versus net reward in the voluntary provision of a threshold public good: An adversarial collaboration","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University; University of Guelph","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Public finance; Public good; Affect (linguistics); Stochastic game; Turnover; Economics; Value (mathematics); Actuarial science; Microeconomics; Public economics; Business; Psychology; Statistics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Charles Bram Cadsby","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rachel Croson","is_ca":false},{"name":"Melanie Marks","is_ca":false},{"name":"Elizabeth Maynes","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1107711839884121,"gpt":0.2612647785517369,"spread":0.1504935945633248,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002620187,0.0001286648,0.0002266783,0.0002547538,0.00008756587,0.0001212021,0.0003572153,0.0001361514,0.0002603706],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002435322,0.0001295083,0.00005551542,0.0004703528,0.00006386509,0.001359182,0.00005894092,0.0001752676,0.00007026615],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000333604,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004856759,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006460517,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004141765,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985371,0.00003908997,0.0006717807,0.000359905,0.00008860624,0.0003034725],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989352,0.0001408144,0.0003927216,0.0004252641,0.00002717542,0.00007886707],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001276901,0.000323697,0.9417858,0.00001677062,0.00003085067,0.000001130397,0.001331584,0.0000683103,0.00004573607,0.05095413,0.002005999,0.003308281],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003304494,0.0003670549,0.895031,0.000006488156,0.000009037504,0.000001552795,0.001762209,0.007001196,0.00002980696,0.002082512,0.09013362,0.0002710209],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9752316,0.0002434872,0.0004786045,0.002979682,0.0006975459,0.0004299146,0.00005746808,0.00001903066,0.01986266],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986759,0.00004500166,0.00027094,0.0003440569,0.00028876,0.00002270228,0.0002030906,0.00001633842,0.0001331532],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08812763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5281194,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2073169695","doi":"10.1007/s11127-011-9811-1","title":"Modeling local growth control decisions in a multi-city case: Do spatial interactions and lobbying efforts matter?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Interdependence; Economics; Imperfect; Control (management); Public finance; Locale (computer software); Politics; Spatial econometrics; Microfoundations; Econometrics; Microeconomics; Endogenous growth theory; Econometric model; Economic geography; Public economics; Macroeconomics; Political science; Economic growth","authors":[{"name":"Katharina Schone","is_ca":false},{"name":"Wilfried Koch","is_ca":true},{"name":"Catherine Baumont","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.115474572951367,"gpt":0.2637014616961473,"spread":0.1482268887447802,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003764642,0.0001489265,0.0003438076,0.0004552989,0.0001491194,0.0001496537,0.0001634151,0.00007719306,0.001009621],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003533285,0.0001620989,0.00008539377,0.0003216658,0.00004364563,0.0006473822,0.0001005217,0.0002178416,0.0002078857],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008015768,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001363523,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.08303789,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0381876,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986488,0.00002287928,0.0005629831,0.0004334109,0.00003586736,0.0002960874],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992356,0.0001510148,0.0001351212,0.0002742147,0.00005235387,0.0001517493],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002348964,0.000261088,0.9852371,0.0000121712,0.00009969739,0.00009142083,0.0007340786,0.0004529631,0.0000025516,0.003016678,0.00010043,0.009968327],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001429936,0.0000190208,0.1040612,0.00002169627,0.00002462383,0.0001584722,0.0001347677,0.8889547,0.000003143451,0.002058991,0.002817995,0.0003155074],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.470475,0.000216803,0.5270399,0.0002699578,0.0001871492,0.000117446,0.0002048248,0.00001989887,0.00146901],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984975,0.00005373542,0.0009305536,0.0003145742,0.00006451837,0.0000379818,0.00003123288,0.00001553358,0.00005439945],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8885017,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999036,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2810195016","doi":"10.1007/s11127-018-0574-9","title":"An economic theory of a hybrid (competitive authoritarian or illiberal) regime","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Economic Theory and Institutions","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Authoritarianism; Public finance; Economics; Economic system; Political science; Political economy; Democracy; Politics; Macroeconomics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Ronald Wintrobe","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04836867148179108,"gpt":0.2531254322372958,"spread":0.2047567607555048,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001258198,0.0001841188,0.0004293298,0.0002918034,0.0002661708,0.0001124367,0.0005656258,0.00007605859,0.007515253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003491625,0.000199335,0.0001250255,0.0001435736,0.0005042615,0.001166015,0.00007783384,0.0001505619,0.001956904],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002102895,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001533661,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002901393,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005282593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982932,0.00006074537,0.0006914539,0.000531124,0.00001807366,0.0004054623],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984195,0.0001856781,0.0004137522,0.0007196977,0.00005489022,0.0002065103],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004596284,0.000106937,0.003512583,0.000008684377,0.00007080971,0.000001285314,0.0003275241,0.000006127357,0.000012801,0.9945788,0.0006296975,0.0006987225],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007548415,0.0003275342,0.006669512,0.00001456145,0.00001027429,0.0000248254,0.0002536413,0.0009709491,0.0004093728,0.4026318,0.5875364,0.0003962818],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.524245,0.0002020647,0.003115011,0.0014346,0.001471428,0.0002478094,0.0006526414,0.0001104093,0.4685211],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938904,0.00003626104,0.0006187051,0.0004113475,0.0008368911,0.00002661216,0.00004505285,0.0000288316,0.00410588],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5919471,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9988202,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2091753442","doi":"10.1023/b:puch.0000019912.48692.29","title":"Tinpots, Totalitarians (and Democrats): An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Economic Growth on Civil Liberties and Political Rights","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University; Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Civil liberties; Democracy; Political freedom; Politics; Economics; Public finance; Empirical research; Political science; Positive economics; Law; Mathematics; Statistics","authors":[{"name":"Muhammed Nazmul Islam","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stanley L. Winer","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02499391830311998,"gpt":0.2952072944290202,"spread":0.2702133761259002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000473541,0.00008436624,0.0001601086,0.00004454565,0.0002645831,0.00005219074,0.0001542646,0.00009802242,0.00001169126],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008238952,0.00006026659,0.00003720344,0.0001019273,0.000708143,0.0003672983,0.00004638511,0.00009729774,0.000001567446],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001199802,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002368201,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01636647,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01367293,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988698,0.0003210732,0.0002095818,0.0001709755,0.0001941227,0.0002344618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990094,0.0005197563,0.00008667067,0.000149349,0.00005808181,0.000176699],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006724104,0.00006424264,0.1999499,0.00007629187,0.00001419714,1.748456e-7,0.009764295,5.482067e-7,0.0001156035,0.789724,0.000205323,0.00007876037],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005421288,0.0001710025,0.7400734,0.00004459963,0.00002061109,9.477127e-7,0.0003154389,0.00001728569,0.002720028,0.2542436,0.001727513,0.000123398],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785467,0.00003504839,0.000005816819,0.01002277,0.0002102605,0.0001551541,0.000007267886,0.00001855657,0.01099836],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998886,0.00000779115,0.00002900166,0.000782109,0.0001989219,0.000005090426,0.00000200581,0.000004816182,0.00008419538],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5401236,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9901837,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2019577349","doi":"10.1023/b:puch.0000035853.67029.7e","title":"Environmental Policy, Public Interest and Political Market","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations; HEC Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Interest group; Public choice; Public interest; Economics; Politics; Public interest theory; Public economics; Public policy; Economic policy; Political science; Macroeconomics; Economic growth","authors":[{"name":"Georges A. Tanguay","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paul Lanoie","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jérôme Moreau","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1090013075874065,"gpt":0.2533739879949843,"spread":0.1443726804075778,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003280695,0.0002012742,0.000315905,0.0004115982,0.0001476285,0.0003430466,0.0002771754,0.0001383956,0.001516762],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004184497,0.0002498337,0.00008991404,0.0001620102,0.0001981807,0.0006472016,0.0002721793,0.000191358,0.0007735369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005816846,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003927994,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009007718,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000621931,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982045,0.0000106744,0.0004693541,0.0004680703,0.00002623687,0.0008211193],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989235,0.00008513729,0.0001491648,0.0003502108,0.000006297726,0.0004856605],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003289931,0.0001245349,0.06691249,0.00001688229,0.00003015,0.000001584667,0.0001072136,1.810434e-7,0.000007035728,0.9311241,0.000696035,0.000976523],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001617896,0.00007122682,0.1724343,0.000008955026,0.000004778913,0.00008244171,0.000294353,0.000185368,0.00002872809,0.1587651,0.6659545,0.000552362],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7794987,0.0005783399,0.0001498109,0.1033391,0.0002892517,0.0001670464,0.0007405325,0.00008008647,0.1151571],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9936708,0.000259657,0.0001353582,0.004576217,0.0006663374,0.00002807574,0.00004528658,0.00003655969,0.0005817179],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.772359,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999954,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2124548002","doi":"10.1007/s11127-015-0287-2","title":"Citizens’ preferences about voting rules: self-interest, ideology, and sincerity","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Voting; Sincerity; Bullet voting; Cardinal voting systems; Preference; Approval voting; Single-member district; Anti-plurality voting; First-past-the-post voting; Political science; Disapproval voting; Ranked voting system; Presidential election; Public finance; Group voting ticket; Social psychology; Economics; Microeconomics; Psychology; Law; Politics","authors":[{"name":"André Blais","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean‐François Laslier","is_ca":false},{"name":"François Poinas","is_ca":false},{"name":"Karine Van der Straeten","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1668122924324316,"gpt":0.3767241684408365,"spread":0.2099118760084049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009718497,0.00008522423,0.0001454235,0.00004086386,0.0002739322,0.0002443396,0.0001555414,0.0001096665,0.00007456876],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002039069,0.00007622998,0.00002357328,0.0001609698,0.0002283918,0.0003640782,0.00005334844,0.0001214754,0.0000599678],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001176264,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002157115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02045295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03401618,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986042,0.0003432732,0.000198007,0.0002000281,0.0002177171,0.0004368203],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988813,0.0003167452,0.00007991119,0.00008935652,0.0002115401,0.0004210945],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002868086,0.00005028489,0.6137086,0.00002654078,0.00001900896,0.00000100377,0.00426846,3.620133e-7,0.00001446938,0.3753288,0.003531947,0.003047607],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00067341,0.0001510298,0.401055,0.00006285799,0.00003417543,0.000003630794,0.001507567,0.0005758553,0.00003041509,0.03509746,0.5603759,0.0004326907],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9482401,0.0002147677,0.00005710269,0.008851469,0.0003661991,0.0001520477,0.000005455832,0.0001733915,0.04193947],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983231,0.000005281488,0.0001168674,0.0003396388,0.0006314531,0.00001923491,0.000004596615,0.000005558322,0.0005542027],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.556844,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9860699,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3125153973","doi":"10.1007/s11127-020-00853-y","title":"Trade or raid: Acadian settlers and native Americans before 1755","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"The King's University","funders":"","keywords":"Tribe; State (computer science); Population; Property rights; Bay; Economics; Nova scotia; Economy; Political science; Ethnology; Sociology; Law; Geography; Demography; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Rosolino Candela","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vincent Geloso","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08851979143698452,"gpt":0.2458916065171815,"spread":0.157371815080197,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001151761,0.0001307056,0.0003888803,0.00006055025,0.0002122927,0.00006560515,0.0001690544,0.00007817998,0.0004535242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006314007,0.0001347878,0.00006947709,0.0003036805,0.0001633523,0.0002420177,0.0000596741,0.0001804008,0.0001758809],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002000028,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003372697,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005614088,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002930525,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999015,0.00001101612,0.0003084712,0.0003575234,0.00002479393,0.0002831415],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993708,0.0000930801,0.0001621875,0.00008725237,0.00001004061,0.0002766988],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005292944,0.0001730997,0.2581964,0.000123144,0.0006981543,0.00001361596,0.07647895,0.00001110804,0.000003261305,0.4276312,0.184956,0.05166215],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003501225,0.00007270841,0.04065501,0.000001354378,0.000004025561,5.380813e-7,0.0007158734,0.0002703851,4.022142e-7,0.001374423,0.9563842,0.0001709006],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1891743,0.00499934,0.002468305,0.50133,0.0009751384,0.0007209317,0.001148505,0.0003229617,0.2988605],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886732,0.0002262206,0.0001487747,0.008947727,0.0004444279,0.00002832606,0.00001150903,0.00002189824,0.001497936],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7994989,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5496487,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972983613","doi":"10.1007/s11127-013-0145-z","title":"The impact of consumer advocates on regulatory policy in the electric utility sector","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Commission; Legislature; Public economics; Regulatory agency; Agency (philosophy); Equity (law); Public finance; Economics; Electric utility; Business; Accounting; Finance; Political science; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Adam Fremeth","is_ca":true},{"name":"Guy L. F. Holburn","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pablo T. Spiller","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.036212573382078,"gpt":0.2808293875448665,"spread":0.2446168141627885,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003926879,0.0001124842,0.0001215018,0.0001637593,0.0002116348,0.0002765105,0.0003428204,0.00002670105,0.0001691358],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000591153,0.00005630601,0.00008564829,0.001026922,0.00009008498,0.0004589203,0.0000584444,0.0001052038,0.0001300199],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003900149,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004797301,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005330581,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002629893,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991574,0.00002975641,0.0001974425,0.0001377194,0.0002146992,0.0002629964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990562,0.0002688752,0.0001497632,0.0003517498,0.0001655979,0.000007831954],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002226299,0.0002010527,0.7736633,0.00004712924,0.00008200928,1.945996e-7,0.0001367856,0.00002419341,0.0002150793,0.0369782,0.1351563,0.05347353],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001743618,0.000006162851,0.9413312,0.000005525021,0.00000326508,2.277611e-7,0.00009654062,0.001441977,0.000005321087,0.003306536,0.05356665,0.00006225403],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9422094,0.000343183,0.00000292121,0.009696048,0.00006211313,0.0003224238,5.908132e-7,0.0000332149,0.0473301],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983284,0.00002055682,0.000001053622,0.0009726616,0.0003960693,0.00005726302,0.000002603672,0.000007396742,0.0002139606],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1676679,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8058279,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2048430774","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9232-3","title":"An economic or political Kuznets curve?","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Kuznets curve; Economics; Panel data; Economic inequality; Macroeconomics; Politics; Econometrics; Public finance; Inequality; Political science; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Henry Tam","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07223133536404311,"gpt":0.3847290639818127,"spread":0.3124977286177696,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002663168,0.0001000072,0.0001480828,0.00007783782,0.0004158524,0.0002311922,0.0004411404,0.0001375489,0.00235084],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009733553,0.00008772583,0.00005739497,0.000164074,0.0002329108,0.0008121526,0.00003926374,0.0001439334,0.0003508791],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004457291,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004885224,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02083823,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06344914,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981355,0.0002029689,0.0002635476,0.0002565459,0.0002618166,0.0008796153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985076,0.0004856376,0.0000605971,0.0002791275,0.00008083948,0.0005861699],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001379566,0.0001358312,0.1490391,0.000006283098,0.000009486062,0.000002925725,0.001340707,2.193974e-7,0.000009769557,0.8389619,0.005646217,0.004833774],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002223835,0.00004139209,0.1560225,0.000001959705,0.000003984228,0.000001132367,0.001037898,0.00003576524,0.00002950793,0.002410038,0.8400262,0.0001672528],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4959613,0.00001974364,0.0002866849,0.008394313,0.001120596,0.0001415849,0.00001928341,0.0001777271,0.4938788],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9913139,0.000006700664,0.0001113212,0.002859524,0.00257952,0.000004045168,0.00001084548,0.00001099658,0.003103122],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8365519,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985611,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3154006825","doi":"10.1007/s11127-021-00890-1","title":"Rent seeking for madness: the political economy of mental asylums in the United States, 1870 to 1910","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","field":"Psychology","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The King's University; Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Insanity; Institutionalisation; Politics; State (computer science); Public finance; Mental health; Spanish Civil War; Political economy; Rent-seeking; Psychiatry; Political science; Sociology; Criminology; Law; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Vincent Geloso","is_ca":true},{"name":"Raymond J. March","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06161825353061443,"gpt":0.3678901978479321,"spread":0.3062719443173176,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008454068,0.0001053715,0.0001669794,0.00008704048,0.0001229177,0.00005289159,0.0004121351,0.00008043479,0.0005831686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001067068,0.00006765078,0.00007690824,0.0005975051,0.00009488082,0.0001101808,0.00006128959,0.0003302797,0.00004086282],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000107976,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000108637,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008798534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005177807,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983637,0.0003987458,0.0003431958,0.0002694797,0.0001766871,0.0004481907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971331,0.002098395,0.00009354498,0.0004084584,0.00008806449,0.0001783739],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001059083,0.001268879,0.004110277,0.00006472258,0.0001178334,0.00001129899,0.008479727,0.000002426938,0.00004165725,0.7604653,0.2207057,0.004626239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006229314,0.00008093697,0.002543065,0.00001154453,0.00002177763,0.00001495999,0.008596924,0.00006874496,0.000008842931,0.004150701,0.9837947,0.00008490804],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.08689816,0.0006173745,0.001942139,0.6809711,0.00337993,0.0009253762,0.00008016646,0.00004291871,0.2251428],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9464927,0.000004628153,0.0001470076,0.05123377,0.0005995446,0.0002094429,0.0001392127,0.00001608832,0.001157574],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8595946,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6385288,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2051019902","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9235-0","title":"Optimal taxation and economic growth: a comment","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Vintage; Economics; State (computer science); Econometrics; Growth model; Range (aeronautics); Macroeconomics; Mathematical economics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Roderick Hill","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03870938927030276,"gpt":0.2347722776773798,"spread":0.196062888407077,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008789512,0.0001393608,0.0002501649,0.0002493839,0.0001249601,0.0001514839,0.0001778931,0.00009923107,0.0002559396],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002397494,0.0001744926,0.00006172522,0.0000878512,0.00006916977,0.0005208412,0.00009014684,0.0001294574,0.0006967995],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002200001,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001353173,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009665609,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001937156,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986808,0.00000669866,0.0005200419,0.0003619485,0.00001645,0.0004140428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990802,0.0001339096,0.00037742,0.0002053156,0.00001223191,0.0001908902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008665163,0.00004763884,0.2561162,0.00001743122,0.00003654994,7.247664e-7,0.0002210114,0.000006179057,0.000003384727,0.7324541,0.01015394,0.0009342959],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009455856,0.00005563546,0.4476499,0.00000385634,0.000003911251,0.00001018609,0.00005295115,0.002528305,0.00007192602,0.03825737,0.5100629,0.0003574858],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7939248,0.0003570803,0.002656875,0.02237344,0.0005014513,0.0001811214,0.00008871503,0.00007125105,0.1798453],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955413,0.0000268834,0.0005090089,0.003100186,0.0004685932,0.00001308495,0.00002226134,0.00002027754,0.0002984013],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6941966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8956181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1494166607","doi":"10.1023/a:1024803611758","title":"Private Versus Public Charity: Reassessing Crowding Out from the Supply Side","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Government (linguistics); Phenomenon; Consumption (sociology); Public economics; Crowding out; Economics; Business; Sociology; Monetary economics; Social science; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"J. Stephen Ferris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Edwin G. West","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1222493884324344,"gpt":0.2626369717615643,"spread":0.1403875833291299,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001088971,0.0002565574,0.000414255,0.0001710425,0.000479054,0.001064825,0.0006954759,0.0001692117,0.0007147433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003374474,0.0002529891,0.0001729696,0.0003385477,0.0001257961,0.001315652,0.0001469738,0.0004092714,0.001340656],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002605113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007568951,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006939319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004300349,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977617,0.00006297103,0.0006837838,0.0006419417,0.00005907998,0.0007905363],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978811,0.0007013308,0.0003874253,0.0007568754,0.00003338356,0.0002398674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008768203,0.00008641051,0.2431065,0.000009743025,0.0001221012,0.000001822679,0.0003556056,0.000001527019,0.00002310932,0.7487205,0.005967642,0.001596296],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001161347,0.00001897901,0.1338334,0.000009160212,0.000008499464,0.000002747431,0.00008862549,0.0004031732,0.00007777672,0.08790153,0.7761196,0.0003751145],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5834653,0.001150919,0.0005617238,0.03026885,0.002788155,0.0002386441,0.0002364568,0.00014263,0.3811473],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957454,0.00004238247,0.000326199,0.002448776,0.0007688681,0.00003786575,0.000054218,0.00004637526,0.0005299306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.770152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999923,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2537425629","doi":"10.1007/s11127-016-0386-8","title":"Paths to victory in presidential elections: the setup power of noncompetitive states","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Victory; Presidential system; CONTEST; Economics; Voting; Outcome (game theory); Electoral college; Power (physics); Public finance; State (computer science); Microeconomics; Political science; Computer science; Law; Macroeconomics; Physics; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Steven J. Brams","is_ca":false},{"name":"D. Marc Kilgour","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02118027245111308,"gpt":0.2260942668052146,"spread":0.2049139943541015,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009532031,0.00008147055,0.0001927193,0.0002012174,0.00005083517,0.00004396467,0.000249818,0.00004310738,0.0006033335],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006861739,0.00005910821,0.0000534791,0.0003128189,0.00004867563,0.000227128,0.00005666898,0.00007282735,0.0003523766],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007795079,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002364129,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005541104,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005564733,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990601,0.00005751356,0.000408412,0.0002167715,0.00003542185,0.0002217922],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990625,0.000393632,0.0001893435,0.0002569428,0.0000476279,0.00005000084],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003410896,0.0002039943,0.4592726,0.0000325545,0.00008214583,0.000001282741,0.004777591,0.00002448369,0.0005374489,0.5306432,0.003461503,0.0009291114],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008476466,0.0001385392,0.5418215,0.00008517841,0.000003232188,0.000003583044,0.0004611531,0.00004333338,0.0004615548,0.03047601,0.4253887,0.0002696146],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9712025,0.0003226844,0.00189727,0.003954752,0.0006483381,0.0002874208,0.0001367293,0.00003113391,0.02151916],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971442,0.00001549875,0.00001816307,0.0002014556,0.0001021056,0.0000436335,0.000001820261,0.00001151911,0.002461643],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5001672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6606079,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2807752958","doi":"10.1007/s11127-018-0571-z","title":"A mixed-utility theory of vote choice regret","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Regret; Voting; Public finance; Economics; Microeconomics; Bullet voting; Voting behavior; Politics; Public economics; Positive economics; Cardinal voting systems; Political science; Computer science; Macroeconomics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Damien Bol","is_ca":false},{"name":"André Blais","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jean‐François Laslier","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1162190393017827,"gpt":0.3677502019977386,"spread":0.2515311626959559,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001802642,0.00007964174,0.0001556093,0.00004796786,0.0002961108,0.00006450988,0.0002523684,0.000108422,0.0005729889],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004860449,0.00007080237,0.00006152482,0.0004509247,0.0005929436,0.0003013606,0.00003669382,0.00009600267,0.00008691559],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006709745,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00019089,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0270005,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08113018,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981663,0.0005868761,0.0002552352,0.0001906058,0.0003570243,0.0004440249],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982982,0.0007245416,0.0001147036,0.0002539783,0.0003789932,0.0002295635],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001190951,0.0001122733,0.3018855,0.00003236447,0.00002589837,2.088273e-7,0.001724405,4.82095e-8,0.0002898646,0.6718888,0.009363674,0.01466506],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001583426,0.00006107116,0.3020264,0.00001603815,0.00001295486,1.79678e-7,0.0001105068,0.00004121883,0.0004966879,0.013769,0.6831943,0.0001132432],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.874513,0.00007243292,0.0004274609,0.007116456,0.0006399218,0.0002245915,0.00001312711,0.00009911928,0.1168939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995156,7.810913e-7,0.00003664024,0.0002854966,0.001327153,0.00001365137,0.00000334364,0.000006881096,0.003170064],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6738306,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9794788,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989965176","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9270-x","title":"Trending economic factors and the structure of Congress in the growth of government, 1930–2002","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Ideology; Economics; Government (linguistics); State (computer science); Work (physics); Public economics; Control (management); Public administration; Position (finance); Supply side; Political science; Government spending; Political economy; Macroeconomics; Law; Politics; Finance; Market economy; Management","authors":[{"name":"Stanley L. Winer","is_ca":true},{"name":"Michael Tofias","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernard Grofman","is_ca":false},{"name":"John H. Aldrich","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03532115486423711,"gpt":0.2116780749471458,"spread":0.1763569200829087,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003808032,0.0001364539,0.0004292306,0.0001034138,0.00008528098,0.00003401899,0.0004186026,0.00007478172,0.0001885066],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002766139,0.00009348865,0.00009533196,0.0001377326,0.0003560746,0.0002899074,0.00007373038,0.0001598774,0.000007695207],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007767705,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001271613,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00207916,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006892799,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988873,0.00003523802,0.0005877826,0.0002247824,0.00003766786,0.0002272454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987183,0.000487509,0.0004747021,0.0002733251,0.000006430829,0.00003970103],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001201104,0.000021139,0.7361323,0.00002077533,0.00003638981,1.979541e-7,0.001409559,0.000004085307,0.000007176915,0.2611143,0.001209756,0.00003236493],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001910539,0.00002888075,0.9677091,0.000006514291,0.000006784026,0.00000889346,0.0002915726,0.000672227,0.0002873953,0.02026596,0.008642444,0.000169728],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9678434,0.0003611738,0.000005145585,0.001539083,0.0002221113,0.0001438721,0.0004858121,0.000004578037,0.02939487],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994367,0.00009614595,0.000009797103,0.0002100824,0.00009458588,0.000004251024,0.000005044572,0.0000108678,0.0001324815],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2408483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3812356,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1987387147","doi":"10.1007/s11127-012-9947-7","title":"Turnout and presidential coattails in congressional elections","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal; Université de Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Endogeneity; Turnout; Instrumental variable; Presidential system; Apportionment; Econometrics; Voter turnout; Public finance; Economics; Demographic economics; Democracy; Omitted-variable bias; Public economics; Political science; Voting; Macroeconomics; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Jean‐François Godbout","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06929795923358197,"gpt":0.3890667726459758,"spread":0.3197688134123939,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004866067,0.00004224779,0.00006707254,0.00005237947,0.0002156555,0.00009633134,0.0000513348,0.00006128763,0.0003596034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007880687,0.00003901065,0.00001447851,0.0001982509,0.00008846617,0.00055356,0.00001631913,0.00008578762,0.00003162083],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006446769,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008296304,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01953877,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03787403,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990565,0.0001767738,0.0001190388,0.00007868226,0.00018128,0.0003877077],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994276,0.0002181228,0.00002997119,0.00004767742,0.00004792116,0.0002287138],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001288398,0.00004734139,0.9042304,0.000004180991,0.000003011657,1.072375e-7,0.0009465881,1.986345e-7,0.0001545984,0.09149203,0.002648683,0.0004715713],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001378987,0.000007265826,0.7520894,0.000008281438,0.000003518795,6.695801e-7,0.00008898849,0.00001536503,0.00003793873,0.0007755685,0.2467691,0.00006593872],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9744976,0.0002240836,0.00002603435,0.006926489,0.0004183733,0.0001350846,0.000002360096,0.00003295197,0.01773705],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970317,0.000003525079,0.00001027829,0.000137996,0.0008383561,0.00002737887,0.000002595444,0.00000327767,0.001944863],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2441204,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9869902,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2036952446","doi":"10.1007/s11127-007-9175-8","title":"Political extremism in the presence of a free rider problem","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Free rider problem; Public finance; Free riding; Politics; Order (exchange); Investment (military); Extreme right; Law and economics; Economics; Political economy; Political science; Microeconomics; Public good; Law; Finance","authors":[{"name":"Elie Appelbaum","is_ca":true},{"name":"Eliakim Katz","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04402941056398051,"gpt":0.3425071094891036,"spread":0.298477698925123,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002636799,0.0001160521,0.0001625656,0.0001049614,0.0001567459,0.00008916498,0.001190169,0.0001335715,0.0001535521],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002712396,0.00008686525,0.00007181735,0.000553754,0.0005787699,0.0003762934,0.00009586523,0.0002973408,0.00001675341],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001122877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000228844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01143593,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01207792,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973388,0.0002728957,0.0003715675,0.0002449916,0.0007462967,0.0010255],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973112,0.001760766,0.0000748598,0.000447496,0.0001396398,0.0002659881],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001700674,0.000481037,0.09250597,0.00006031061,0.00001495182,0.00002377994,0.1037551,2.361723e-7,0.0001135549,0.7863825,0.007653613,0.008991903],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001128377,0.0001145854,0.3121997,0.0001708914,0.00002745291,0.00001351574,0.2355757,0.00006810506,0.0001629818,0.07670043,0.3732952,0.0005431095],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7020192,0.0002132662,0.001092252,0.05354417,0.0004312152,0.0005302097,0.00002100958,0.00008601842,0.2420626],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997131,0.000008170889,0.00005516969,0.001764627,0.0005514314,0.00002079123,0.000001475074,0.000007897343,0.0004594038],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7096821,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.995147,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2162474634","doi":"10.1023/a:1024266902702","title":"The All-Pay Auction When a Committee Awards the Prize","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Auction Theory and Applications","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Common value auction; Intuition; Public finance; Economics; Microeconomics; Mathematical economics; Politics; Work (physics); Political science; Law; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"J. Atsu Amegashie","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.141749488759522,"gpt":0.3841638616989888,"spread":0.2424143729394668,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00614734,0.0001123336,0.0001113364,0.00006121459,0.001534453,0.00093209,0.001244303,0.00005985101,0.001086993],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007795685,0.00004720961,0.0001092025,0.0008127542,0.0003081323,0.0004281513,0.00009505929,0.000283588,0.001086546],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004336474,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001103987,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000330991,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001539989,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974244,0.0006954137,0.000409024,0.000327245,0.0008520315,0.0002919236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9942761,0.00385852,0.0002348139,0.001192826,0.0003266156,0.0001111112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005666951,0.00007504138,0.002198203,7.181314e-7,0.00003609764,1.706742e-7,0.0007663326,0.00002219613,0.0000713155,0.4848822,0.42524,0.08670203],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001047767,0.000006785571,0.003926645,6.064756e-7,0.000006373753,0.00001116855,0.0005953989,0.0001038542,0.00009986072,0.1998653,0.7952179,0.00006137384],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03926495,0.0004967393,0.08557668,0.6752825,0.003212845,0.001211735,0.00002380772,0.0003529679,0.1945778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9400277,0.00002486424,0.0002284919,0.003201541,0.0003793526,0.0001992092,0.000003112023,0.00001352527,0.05592221],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9007627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998261,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1996773732","doi":"10.1023/a:1015671608957","title":"Are Campaign Contributions a Form of Speech? Evidence from Recent US House Elections","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École Nationale d'Administration Publique","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Campaign finance; Political science; Economics; Macroeconomics; Politics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Dhammika Dharmapala","is_ca":false},{"name":"Filip Palda","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1448506361855918,"gpt":0.3716100000543435,"spread":0.2267593638687517,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003924726,0.00007645709,0.0001619542,0.000056991,0.0004036951,0.00009864308,0.0001670887,0.00009980099,0.001487403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006861355,0.00007330303,0.0000606242,0.0006785975,0.0001234226,0.0004583488,0.00001807061,0.0001252048,0.0001433945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003108571,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000886034,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06760652,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1220301,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985702,0.0002216949,0.0002682644,0.0001664514,0.0003512478,0.0004221457],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981768,0.0006796023,0.0001981598,0.0001848446,0.0005108372,0.0002497659],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001161616,0.0005611394,0.8761653,0.00003272726,0.0001086761,0.000003894917,0.007136831,0.000007161132,0.001978144,0.03514946,0.06720813,0.01163695],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003233619,0.00006622351,0.2206879,0.0001052879,0.00005056181,8.685828e-7,0.0003122083,0.0003108569,0.001006532,0.005339363,0.7715613,0.0002356366],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.944768,0.0006931748,0.0004687525,0.04756161,0.0004493088,0.000439211,0.0001007168,0.0002265955,0.005292623],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998053,0.0001168832,0.00004027714,0.0002493213,0.0006771341,0.00004538618,0.000003697608,0.000008310549,0.0008060649],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7043531,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1487901217","doi":"10.1023/a:1012059101225","title":"Political Influence, Economic Interests and Endogenous Tax Structure in a Computable Equilibrium Framework: With Application to the United States, 1973 and 1983","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Computable general equilibrium; Homogeneous; Group (periodic table); Economics; Mathematical economics; Politics; Political science; Positive economics; Public economics; Microeconomics; Economic system; Macroeconomics; Physics; Law; Thermodynamics","authors":[{"name":"Louis Hotte","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stanley L. Winer","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02587762936040098,"gpt":0.2349399963357602,"spread":0.2090623669753592,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003945658,0.0001462805,0.0002561541,0.0002655355,0.00007875672,0.0002617049,0.0002244338,0.00009067308,0.00002576338],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001347301,0.0001260022,0.00001414568,0.000400453,0.00008701514,0.0002192392,0.0001111766,0.0002253877,0.00003573271],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001048555,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000197571,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005153861,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001468532,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987924,0.0000388063,0.0003453029,0.0003727763,0.00002585913,0.000424827],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991122,0.0002554559,0.000138494,0.0003016379,0.00002441472,0.0001677755],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003437322,0.00002864554,0.4598804,0.00002522446,0.00002609742,0.00000247366,0.0006367751,0.002486291,0.00001145563,0.5363569,0.00007705398,0.0004342579],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001723401,0.0002610614,0.2898745,0.00008681659,0.0000120909,0.0003889123,0.0006364551,0.05263791,0.00001998354,0.1092507,0.5443771,0.0007310956],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918894,0.00028465,0.002260531,0.003364716,0.00006566879,0.0003642078,0.0001110413,0.00003229421,0.001627509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984728,0.00001840763,0.0001285127,0.001082399,0.0001236558,0.00003355448,0.00003375016,0.00001894964,0.00008797635],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5443001,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7791131,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3122201161","doi":"10.1007/s11127-013-0109-3","title":"The variable choice set logit model applied to the 2004 Canadian election","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Voting; Political science; Democracy; Competence (human resources); Valence (chemistry); Economics; Logit; Political economy; Politics; Econometrics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Maria Gallego","is_ca":true},{"name":"Norman Schofield","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin McAlister","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jee Seon Jeon","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05541408195963061,"gpt":0.316069990101982,"spread":0.2606559081423514,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008859852,0.00008626673,0.00008228831,0.00004155084,0.001806414,0.0006872903,0.0003806902,0.00009215868,0.0002754754],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00115757,0.00005356463,0.00002609204,0.0006481007,0.00007482287,0.0002634581,0.00002180438,0.0001593116,0.0006725877],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004309326,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006856524,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9181051,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.951878,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984068,0.000142774,0.0001696276,0.0001749591,0.0003008879,0.0008049005],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985836,0.0004016968,0.00004520082,0.0002424037,0.000219927,0.0005072191],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000167985,0.0000193847,0.004812432,0.000004977814,0.00002153495,4.958309e-8,0.001625741,0.001159169,0.0001598763,0.6140757,0.3733011,0.004818362],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005463434,0.000009574791,0.006739903,0.000002065071,0.000005676935,1.301667e-7,0.0001428691,0.003662214,0.000009596763,0.007278505,0.9819963,0.00009853947],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0852901,0.0001183474,0.003067561,0.4149196,0.00112255,0.002577041,0.00002617563,0.0002205937,0.492658],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9832337,0.000001580129,0.00003051631,0.004048271,0.0008610306,0.0003850957,0.000006140608,0.000009269661,0.01142433],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8979437,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1491736814","doi":"10.1023/a:1020377614470","title":"Electoral Uncertainty and the Macroeconomy: the Evidence from Canada","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Opposition (politics); Economics; Public finance; Business cycle; Representation (politics); Mathematical economics; Econometrics; Political science; Keynesian economics; Macroeconomics; Law; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Jac C. Heckelman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04931575703597485,"gpt":0.204813330388448,"spread":0.1554975733524732,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003555171,0.0001421224,0.0002860854,0.00002784679,0.0002737643,0.0003028487,0.000479326,0.00004976453,0.002633927],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007340809,0.00009454235,0.00007112231,0.0001391409,0.0003137277,0.0002502555,0.0001193132,0.000232023,0.0002041013],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001867151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005210139,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9027615,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6235065,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987807,0.00003658907,0.0003962029,0.0003019369,0.00003443911,0.000450131],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978628,0.001365453,0.0001523598,0.0004439671,0.0000224094,0.000152975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001127511,0.00002365532,0.1397807,0.00001274293,0.0001132215,0.000001150118,0.0004738951,0.00003294598,3.780295e-7,0.7063929,0.1500639,0.003093264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004747667,0.000009148906,0.05374875,0.000004678741,0.000005589694,0.000002142026,0.00003434171,0.0109078,0.000001647589,0.0178841,0.9167667,0.000160346],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4433084,0.01525072,0.00006536289,0.4614954,0.0007360755,0.0003916628,0.0003681181,0.00003795741,0.07834636],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9815851,0.0001973499,0.00001357317,0.01576819,0.0004624028,0.00004561265,0.000004710613,0.00001216893,0.001910858],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7667028,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982778,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095827365","doi":"10.1007/s11127-006-9120-2","title":"Choosing a runoff election threshold","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Greenfield Research (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Surface runoff; Public finance; Condorcet method; Metric (unit); Economics; Computer science; Econometrics; Voting; Political science; Politics; Law; Operations management; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"J.C. O'Neill","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03292994658223115,"gpt":0.2153881642291666,"spread":0.1824582176469355,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006982184,0.0001088481,0.0002034782,0.0001914539,0.0001556863,0.0002172913,0.0001664597,0.00008083677,0.0002920088],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001388922,0.0001284111,0.00007855282,0.0003642688,0.00002535792,0.0003527972,0.00002575158,0.0001349668,0.0007914975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009615922,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001111598,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009051365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001227966,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989519,0.00001394502,0.0003921775,0.0002939813,0.00003139722,0.0003166708],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994131,0.00005018523,0.0002112626,0.0002474919,0.00002693519,0.00005096698],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000304733,0.00008111086,0.193527,0.00002036462,0.0000166912,6.919985e-7,0.00005254246,0.00003482962,0.0001674119,0.8006848,0.004908939,0.0005025645],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005397724,0.0000297782,0.1213018,0.00001482891,0.000003552591,0.0000140925,0.00001691177,0.0020555,0.0002052698,0.07476495,0.8007313,0.0003222626],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6554559,0.0009827741,0.002538926,0.001569247,0.0009545249,0.0001493961,0.00001558651,0.0002055255,0.3381281],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919,0.00000410163,0.00006759982,0.00021528,0.0008426244,0.00001843142,0.0000151358,0.00002095511,0.006915894],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7958224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999865,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2037843163","doi":"10.1023/b:puch.0000003732.89364.ea","title":"Optimal Policies and Socially Oriented Behavior: Some Problematic Effects of an Incentive Compatible Device","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Dilemma; Incentive; Social dilemma; Microeconomics; Action (physics); Economics; Prisoner's dilemma; Connection (principal bundle); Control (management); Public economics; Mathematical economics; Game theory; Mathematics; Management; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Norman Frohlich","is_ca":true},{"name":"Joe Oppenheimer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03324468318404796,"gpt":0.3393188294232254,"spread":0.3060741462391775,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003688594,0.0001449995,0.0002944769,0.0000958095,0.0005150186,0.0001146316,0.0001863283,0.00007429456,0.00003577209],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003294284,0.0001531755,0.00004503606,0.0002727803,0.0005380255,0.0009286754,0.00009032225,0.00009540372,0.000006982865],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001971132,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002797223,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004901348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004610384,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986256,0.0002438102,0.0002701764,0.0002441634,0.0002309725,0.0003853281],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991491,0.0002027231,0.0001949393,0.0001401884,0.0001421744,0.0001708372],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009001817,0.001458369,0.3466271,0.0001848097,0.00008840409,0.000003631405,0.08220444,0.000003500736,0.008832512,0.5592961,0.0001562122,0.001135902],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007925198,0.001730989,0.7577112,0.0003481203,0.0006637836,0.000008304465,0.1301189,0.0001316767,0.05817245,0.01125736,0.02919395,0.002738117],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920846,0.0003321627,0.000005580728,0.0005199184,0.0001900647,0.000697158,0.00000871962,0.00006071649,0.006101054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975898,0.00004588608,0.001880255,0.0001196821,0.00005175359,0.0001397319,0.000006014395,0.00001453287,0.0001523082],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5480387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7409405,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1505587349","doi":"10.1007/s11127-005-1682-x","title":"Representative versus direct democracy: The role of informational asymmetries","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Legislation; Direct democracy; Competence (human resources); Politics; Democracy; Public economics; Representative democracy; Control (management); Economics; Set (abstract data type); Political science; Microeconomics; Law and economics; Law; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Anke S. Kessler","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05328781043553617,"gpt":0.366047567847375,"spread":0.3127597574118389,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005564423,0.00004261878,0.00007408789,0.00003892266,0.0003224638,0.00007429211,0.0001508507,0.00003586463,0.0002242187],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00271593,0.00003072738,0.0000371233,0.0003875416,0.0001731796,0.0005878156,0.00002290613,0.00006191149,0.00005841562],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007412916,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001363731,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009837467,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01015111,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990367,0.0001598809,0.0001822615,0.00006390343,0.000348133,0.0002090952],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983999,0.001147773,0.00009528513,0.0000970418,0.0001821765,0.0000778163],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002370759,0.0000544258,0.09755733,0.000005277316,0.0000478745,4.009632e-8,0.01097346,0.00002888864,0.00004014199,0.8595868,0.007319457,0.02436255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001993533,0.00002112599,0.04990552,0.000003048328,0.000008233814,7.319291e-8,0.001477763,0.0002502116,0.0005746551,0.00266809,0.9448323,0.00005957808],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3253076,0.0002053976,0.00002477912,0.04570538,0.0002540712,0.0002392865,0.00001386259,0.00005699068,0.6281927],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984341,0.000003592924,0.00002734497,0.0001401634,0.0005093227,0.00001620874,0.000005393654,0.000002425933,0.0008614421],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9375129,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9967561,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2095836015","doi":"10.1007/s11127-008-9335-5","title":"Federations, coalitions, and risk diversification","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Economic theories and models","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Contiguity; Diversification (marketing strategy); Economics; Portfolio; Public finance; Context (archaeology); Variance (accounting); Yield (engineering); Econometrics; Microeconomics; Financial economics; Geography; Macroeconomics; Business; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Shin‐Hwan Chiang","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ahmed Saber Mahmud","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06540803963970943,"gpt":0.2091293550783108,"spread":0.1437213154386013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002473657,0.00007108254,0.0001346897,0.0000914859,0.0004692444,0.00009814634,0.00008913339,0.00004836962,0.0004096604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002013824,0.00008932559,0.00003517971,0.00007628679,0.00006829429,0.0004700767,0.0000394355,0.00007633938,0.0005407975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005008459,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001486239,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003646632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000800968,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993328,0.00001123175,0.0002529663,0.0002440493,0.00001320348,0.0001457737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994586,0.00007099482,0.0001660724,0.000200575,0.00002447223,0.00007932656],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001497348,0.00003046199,0.2512469,0.000003510843,0.00002358189,2.44719e-7,0.0002325993,0.000008137778,0.00000109675,0.7363049,0.01179858,0.0003484206],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003909809,0.00001395386,0.1315238,0.000001255814,0.000003580009,0.000009111721,0.00006346887,0.001460173,0.000005456588,0.03243205,0.8339381,0.0001580539],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8665475,0.001706423,0.01373333,0.005744906,0.0003342596,0.0001960116,0.0004414527,0.00009466004,0.1112015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9912335,0.002268431,0.0004832785,0.0002643842,0.0001163005,0.00002154786,0.00006651595,0.000009424528,0.005536578],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8221395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6951038,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2041672261","doi":"10.1007/s11127-014-0176-0","title":"Explaining variation in the competitiveness of U.S. Senate elections, 1922–2004","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Legislature; Ideology; Delegation; Political science; Political economy; Diversity (politics); State (computer science); Politics; Variation (astronomy); Distribution (mathematics); Public administration; Economics; Economic system; Law","authors":[{"name":"Stanley L. Winer","is_ca":true},{"name":"Lawrence W. Kenny","is_ca":false},{"name":"Bernard Grofman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04776346608582248,"gpt":0.3376251230993602,"spread":0.2898616570135377,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001773318,0.00004102184,0.00008265302,0.00005543958,0.0001994338,0.00006230873,0.0001245014,0.00004497011,0.00005759662],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001284536,0.0000326746,0.00002221278,0.0004720431,0.00005750826,0.0002023538,0.000006945165,0.00007916026,0.00001067496],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000663577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007489837,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0286616,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03081709,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986101,0.000685744,0.0001690669,0.00008793402,0.00023148,0.0002156938],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991561,0.0005393355,0.00007264372,0.0000867449,0.0001027924,0.00004234136],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001942814,0.00005916693,0.1496964,0.00001398982,0.000004360724,8.3464e-8,0.005517277,0.00001989809,0.0004269732,0.8433946,0.00007831466,0.0007868946],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002466903,0.00003310402,0.7548986,0.00003146625,0.000006593918,3.784436e-7,0.0006021518,0.0005115307,0.00009066626,0.004472948,0.2390106,0.00009527933],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9405702,0.00003520854,0.001755536,0.01403578,0.0003736272,0.000222651,0.000001957022,0.0000370658,0.04296798],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991862,0.000001373484,0.00001567789,0.0002351408,0.0003984914,0.00002844162,0.000002796697,0.00000298609,0.000128921],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8389217,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.986868,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4313646736","doi":"10.1007/s11127-022-01035-8","title":"Inequality, transaction costs and voter turnout: evidence from Canadian provinces and Indian states","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Inequality; Economic inequality; Economics; Turnout; Panel data; Demographic economics; Generality; Politics; Gini coefficient; Alienation; Econometrics; Political science; Voting; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Bharatee Bhusana Dash","is_ca":false},{"name":"J. Stephen Ferris","is_ca":true},{"name":"Marcel Voia","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0718185988785513,"gpt":0.3545853513762782,"spread":0.2827667524977269,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006394648,0.00006682092,0.00009485571,0.00009322495,0.0003507568,0.0003436157,0.00007477766,0.00007886163,0.00007301079],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006383609,0.00006121475,0.00001245494,0.0003262546,0.0001205783,0.0006334266,0.00001000772,0.00008579609,0.00002767739],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001879106,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002696056,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9660833,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9895859,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988784,0.0002145578,0.0001379168,0.0001850143,0.0002057822,0.0003783155],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988488,0.0005152046,0.00003548822,0.00007209189,0.00006425036,0.0004641885],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004314719,0.000008899607,0.9531096,0.00003600547,0.00001531255,0.000003413043,0.01710442,8.77835e-7,0.0001040308,0.002944161,0.0008902222,0.02577874],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001166088,0.00003995185,0.9454634,0.00006545477,0.00001017294,3.317243e-7,0.001047223,0.0002176815,0.0000331264,0.002852083,0.05000059,0.0001534412],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9559119,0.0001249843,0.00001197132,0.04294501,0.0001467051,0.0001937962,0.00004080387,0.0000653102,0.0005594738],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990605,0.00005597444,0.000006046456,0.0003153569,0.0002455252,0.0000245011,0.00002076127,0.000005362881,0.0002659723],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04911037,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3313494,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4318219806","doi":"10.1007/s11127-022-01039-4","title":"When do nations tax? The adoption of property tax codes by First Nations in Canada","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Property tax; Economics; Double taxation; Ad valorem tax; Property (philosophy); Public economics; Business; International economics; Economic policy; Tax reform; International trade; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Donna Feir","is_ca":true},{"name":"Maggie Jones","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Scoones","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04843709196442982,"gpt":0.2217605660356725,"spread":0.1733234740712427,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002208805,0.00006733381,0.0001376025,0.000227104,0.000273882,0.00005350828,0.0002067185,0.0000223824,0.000211439],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001046729,0.00005313475,0.00002815775,0.001047664,0.00003584303,0.0001879617,0.00005153996,0.00007608288,0.00009554788],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002451577,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001353386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5333025,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9761783,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992879,0.00001133397,0.0003167392,0.0001643661,0.00005764141,0.0001620041],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992763,0.0002273125,0.0002197474,0.0001723923,0.00007622405,0.00002801307],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001676821,0.00006359155,0.5439383,0.00004764129,0.00004493606,2.469259e-7,0.0007987011,0.0003779209,0.000003232642,0.1212337,0.3325542,0.000935813],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001497687,0.000003993747,0.2620395,0.00000837988,9.941803e-7,1.601389e-7,0.000370644,0.001091931,0.00000257321,0.0009541,0.7353094,0.00006853602],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2656261,0.00436334,0.001441603,0.3501278,0.00191889,0.001761482,0.005235543,0.0002062013,0.369319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914914,0.0003537172,0.0000338484,0.0002191208,0.00003356235,0.0001575016,0.00005699059,0.000007214485,0.00764661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7258653,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4698052,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2101118422","doi":"10.1007/s11127-010-9594-9","title":"The price of transparency: do campaign finance disclosure laws discourage political participation by citizens’ groups?","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"École Nationale d'Administration Publique; Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Transparency (behavior); Campaign finance; Public finance; Politics; Finance; Business; Economics; Accounting; Public economics; Law; Political science","authors":[{"name":"Alexandre Couture Gagnon","is_ca":true},{"name":"Filip Palda","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02237121506173112,"gpt":0.2341445634591671,"spread":0.211773348397436,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003831079,0.0001312355,0.0002400822,0.00003645874,0.0003442456,0.0001233882,0.0002959248,0.00007456068,0.0001312499],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004375511,0.0001016909,0.00009754352,0.0002392969,0.0003790512,0.0003045529,0.00004551454,0.0002376626,0.00006060622],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003747645,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004064509,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003477487,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004556409,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987115,0.00001562159,0.0004838001,0.000275837,0.0000812463,0.0004319406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991523,0.000217093,0.0001989296,0.0002717242,0.00006692833,0.00009305039],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000446533,0.00008671851,0.07627517,0.00001103106,0.00002839181,2.498898e-7,0.0001394893,0.000001121773,0.00004887989,0.9213896,0.00165653,0.0003583525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005696741,0.00004834214,0.3285128,0.00001095663,0.00001341913,0.000002655725,0.0001107255,0.0002589645,0.0001118049,0.1183714,0.5516663,0.0003229712],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8379041,0.002584351,0.001639797,0.03176237,0.0008785038,0.000276193,0.0007475091,0.00004601516,0.1241612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986067,0.0001276757,0.00004388694,0.0001939542,0.0001859521,0.00008508076,0.00002040879,0.000009063557,0.0007272895],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8030182,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4146836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4226300821","doi":"10.1007/s11127-022-00966-6","title":"Regulatory capture and the dynamics of interventionism: the case of power utilities in Quebec and Ontario to 1944","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Interventionism (politics); Unintended consequences; Public finance; Economics; Public interest theory; Public choice; Economic interventionism; Law and economics; Public economics; Positive economics; Macroeconomics; Public interest; Political science; Law; International relations; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Germain Belzile","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rosolino Candela","is_ca":false},{"name":"Vincent Geloso","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01803332283432943,"gpt":0.2249741186212431,"spread":0.2069407957869137,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004276118,0.00006820577,0.0001233551,0.00008424488,0.0001347328,0.0001566146,0.0001417452,0.00001789296,0.0001552063],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008086801,0.00004376237,0.00003354948,0.0002191761,0.0002879123,0.0004164028,0.0002993913,0.0001371645,5.341341e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004858736,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005609063,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6852291,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8527258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994482,0.0000261854,0.0001962402,0.000105032,0.00009665979,0.0001276515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995782,0.00008854468,0.0001004221,0.0001585056,0.00006554375,0.000008808011],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003145796,0.0000326926,0.02977092,0.00007186401,0.0000173044,0.0000111841,0.001263278,0.00001520128,0.000003689303,0.9674702,0.0004484965,0.0008637091],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002062451,0.0000468484,0.7039108,0.00007527978,0.00009145822,0.00009192157,0.1004917,0.002817948,0.000006260167,0.1151323,0.07491726,0.0003557764],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9832642,0.0001415445,0.000005592129,0.007989448,0.00006909847,0.0001464824,0.00000817159,0.000007196599,0.008368242],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967238,6.571111e-7,0.000002139461,0.001191224,0.00002388131,0.00002581643,0.000004884047,0.000004114962,0.002023524],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8523379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.316867,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2796006766","doi":"10.1007/s11127-018-0554-0","title":"Public choice and political science: a view from Europe","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mainstream; Public finance; Politics; Quarter (Canadian coin); Public choice; Positive economics; Rational choice theory (criminology); Political science; Comparative politics; Field (mathematics); Work (physics); Social science; Political philosophy; Sociology; Epistemology; Economics; Law; History; Philosophy","authors":[{"name":"Peter Kurrild‐Klitgaard","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1211595296101615,"gpt":0.3839024361430933,"spread":0.2627429065329318,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001496231,0.0001246288,0.0001797107,0.0001242359,0.001155525,0.001006304,0.0004312487,0.00009515832,0.0007730512],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009507317,0.0001108038,0.00002997269,0.001393606,0.002136981,0.001148328,0.0001306515,0.000153514,0.0003718568],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002111819,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000813579,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.06466655,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02864977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968967,0.0003048816,0.0002625918,0.0004254993,0.0007030984,0.001407181],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970525,0.0005364838,0.00006702919,0.0002645264,0.0007601323,0.001319341],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[7.815137e-7,0.00004932322,0.1347003,0.000006480385,0.00000717254,3.798227e-7,0.0005057187,3.274684e-9,0.0002955468,0.8589949,0.001450037,0.003989355],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001525875,0.00004704883,0.2808206,0.00001258223,0.000009107285,5.957672e-7,0.00006628042,0.00005162885,0.00004784664,0.005321809,0.7133204,0.0001494837],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7627732,0.0001449629,0.00006854335,0.07443619,0.0006588406,0.0002373333,0.00001436999,0.0001664151,0.1615002],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9933808,0.000005292757,0.00005892458,0.002378304,0.003159592,0.00001938053,0.000005079221,0.00001216394,0.0009804411],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.853673,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2169503078","doi":"10.1007/s11127-009-9474-3","title":"Free-riding on rent seeking—an empirical analysis","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Agricultural Economics and Policy","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Rent-seeking; Free riding; Economics; Public choice; Microeconomics; Public economics; Political science; Macroeconomics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Hartley Furtan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Johannes Sauer","is_ca":false},{"name":"Maria Skovager Jensen","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0546377445053654,"gpt":0.287251661564419,"spread":0.2326139170590536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000188124,0.0001454603,0.0002045974,0.00003395136,0.0002341953,0.0002557496,0.0004684107,0.00008814747,0.0006002476],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001220773,0.00004937872,0.0001870543,0.0008584544,0.0000169365,0.0002493368,0.00005073675,0.0001346125,0.0000543623],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000619132,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000594085,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004793219,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001946498,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988957,0.00005258905,0.0002001288,0.0003510414,0.0001451725,0.0003553549],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993368,0.0001416171,0.00008967412,0.0001211236,0.00004719239,0.0002636391],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005060844,0.001471735,0.223241,0.000004768169,0.0004793195,0.000009255252,0.0005815009,0.0002398417,0.04519572,0.02140766,0.09118062,0.616138],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007269198,0.0002191589,0.7553549,0.000001760546,0.00003250493,0.000001399773,0.00003677637,0.0006987044,0.00007983981,0.000480515,0.2428427,0.0001789929],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9408698,0.0000222128,0.000002212056,0.0488693,0.00006121534,0.00006926171,0.000037671,0.00009251139,0.009975781],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992579,0.00001337179,0.00002414061,0.005730677,0.0009996293,0.00000456524,0.0001500534,4.942442e-7,0.0004980592],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.615959,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6572291,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3183440449","doi":"10.1007/s11127-021-00912-y","title":"The Democrat-Republican presidential growth gap and the partisan balance of the state governments","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Presidential system; Presidency; Democracy; State (computer science); Economics; Political economy; Political science; Politics; Legislature; Public finance; Macroeconomics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Dodge Cahan","is_ca":true},{"name":"Niklas Potrafke","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01836737685343012,"gpt":0.2071753517002116,"spread":0.1888079748467815,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006055321,0.0001209581,0.0002615031,0.0000173269,0.0003448974,0.0003900884,0.0005127065,0.00004445447,0.0002353934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001400897,0.0000724568,0.0001329994,0.0002368382,0.0005503493,0.0002349091,0.0003729816,0.0001879033,0.00002126421],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005630104,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005562556,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001750556,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005860053,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986328,0.00007798212,0.0005260909,0.0002634852,0.00008072397,0.0004189378],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983757,0.0005964491,0.0003114853,0.000543698,0.00006094151,0.0001117586],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008562968,0.00002943334,0.08808566,0.00001633759,0.00009028137,2.346036e-7,0.0001382737,0.000002158995,0.000002391246,0.898464,0.01278342,0.0003792403],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001051086,0.00001288344,0.2660377,0.000006443119,0.00001316729,0.00000523886,0.00005837538,0.0011315,0.0001287592,0.1805814,0.5508304,0.0001430644],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4631221,0.006199942,0.0001905568,0.2727498,0.001292482,0.000569763,0.0004736233,0.0000352319,0.2553665],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9891614,0.0003138217,0.00001267346,0.003122836,0.0001755326,0.00003854979,0.000003046948,0.00001395188,0.00715818],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7178826,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3761632,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407902533","doi":"10.1007/s11127-025-01259-4","title":"The Minsk Game","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Eastern European Communism and Reforms","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Mathematical economics; Political science; Economics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Jesse Driscoll","is_ca":false},{"name":"Dominique Arel","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02492021790639377,"gpt":0.3271478259102055,"spread":0.3022276080038118,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000694458,0.00004414159,0.00004500187,0.0000308383,0.0009855258,0.0003321099,0.0007151957,0.0000292481,0.00005093158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005555294,0.00002474489,0.00003682856,0.0003100096,0.0002511009,0.0001589801,0.000142315,0.0001184052,0.0001467194],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003707442,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001391933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007539124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005567916,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992682,0.0001569441,0.00008957632,0.00007991719,0.0001586134,0.0002467409],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992964,0.000274704,0.00002798348,0.000282916,0.00006019028,0.0000577638],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003273766,0.00005481618,0.01826721,0.000007034412,0.00003296217,0.000001238884,0.00450813,2.837305e-7,0.00001616282,0.5500263,0.03395752,0.3931251],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007641643,0.000002667925,0.01341738,0.000005107,0.000002058207,1.012719e-7,0.001174223,0.00000671528,0.000003037588,0.001284546,0.983992,0.00003568877],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02258939,0.0005870669,0.00006281682,0.05658169,0.0007126515,0.00008449458,8.673847e-7,0.00008831556,0.9192927],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8092868,0.0002728542,0.00001164456,0.001336264,0.0002316255,0.00000522093,0.000001130174,0.000004163747,0.1888502],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9500346,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7579967,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1964437921","doi":"10.1007/s11127-008-9306-x","title":"How to avoid transferring a valuable asset","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Auction Theory and Applications","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Asset (computer security); Common value auction; Public finance; Alternative asset; Microeconomics; Business; Value (mathematics); Private information retrieval; Economics; Finance; Capital asset pricing model; Consumption-based capital asset pricing model; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Sam Bucovetsky","is_ca":true},{"name":"Amihai Glazer","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2800918869601304,"gpt":0.3900851316774756,"spread":0.1099932447173452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001458976,0.00009987153,0.000155115,0.0002236443,0.0005531574,0.0004237395,0.0007568587,0.00004989468,0.0009367387],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00341566,0.00008100479,0.00008806803,0.001539645,0.00006979354,0.0007890135,0.00006610966,0.0001335861,0.001244136],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003283304,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000823149,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001898738,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004984353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981292,0.0001228606,0.000255597,0.0004262215,0.0007873052,0.0002788528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997963,0.0008041915,0.00005836573,0.000627441,0.000269938,0.0002770593],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003759939,0.0006083091,0.03196394,0.00001253454,0.00007052723,0.00001277408,0.005073205,0.0006584033,0.01327456,0.2379744,0.6010338,0.10928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001532228,0.00001723506,0.01018619,0.000001835373,0.000002643819,0.00002875052,0.000276208,0.0001781271,0.001065945,0.01022325,0.9777483,0.0001182568],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5548862,0.00005476944,0.2828742,0.1063135,0.0004206398,0.0004149039,0.00003791659,0.0002519256,0.05474599],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9599617,0.000003439709,0.0009139054,0.00140165,0.0002449934,0.00008505479,0.000003419668,0.000009288266,0.0373766],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4050755,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999765,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4312030297","doi":"10.1007/s11127-022-01031-y","title":"The political economy of public health","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"editorial","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University","keywords":"Public finance; Politics; Public health; International political economy; Economics; Political science; Political economy; Economic system; Macroeconomics; Medicine","authors":[{"name":"Glenn Furton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mario J. Rizzo","is_ca":false},{"name":"David A. Harper","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05910192798939868,"gpt":0.3320614617005819,"spread":0.2729595337111832,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007221556,0.0004297465,0.0009982184,0.0004490855,0.001168063,0.0008240424,0.001987939,0.0004846153,0.0007258727],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02257835,0.0003368505,0.0003059314,0.0009275686,0.0003607604,0.000929086,0.001499562,0.001520376,0.0001356193],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007476255,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002665734,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0312891,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001437936,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939138,0.0003239094,0.001527159,0.0006724106,0.0007799601,0.002782729],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9910907,0.004848506,0.001771091,0.00111776,0.0009212294,0.0002507438],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000181393,0.00004231593,0.0001336128,0.0002691179,0.00003759424,3.11797e-7,0.000003232411,6.015171e-7,7.825374e-9,0.410414,0.5878788,0.0012186],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003369948,0.00002754971,0.0001519482,0.00001066301,0.00001401082,8.573375e-7,0.0002984219,0.0002296086,4.812406e-9,0.01101553,0.9876527,0.0002616772],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"editorial","genre_scores_codex":[0.000008540189,0.0004793339,0.00001668832,0.4627829,0.386269,0.0002955831,0.00008264016,0.0001041083,0.1499612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008189793,0.00009732422,0.00001079145,0.1089751,0.8880084,0.0002154637,0.001158977,0.00007835087,0.0006366281],"genre_candidate":"editorial","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5017393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999083,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2965361382","doi":"10.1007/s11127-023-01053-0","title":"Enumerating rights: more is not always better","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg; University of Alberta","funders":"University of Texas at Dallas","keywords":"Framing (construction); Rhetoric; Politics; Crowds; Entitlement (fair division); Political science; Law and economics; Public finance; Social rights; Constitution; Political economy; Sociology; Law; Economics; Microeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Sheryl Ball","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chetan Dave","is_ca":true},{"name":"Stefan Dodds","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08107399269273767,"gpt":0.3669994274504834,"spread":0.2859254347577457,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003531346,0.0001074214,0.0001384536,0.00008649138,0.001041933,0.0002590659,0.000292181,0.00006796516,0.000668596],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001362445,0.0001075463,0.0000671914,0.0003995345,0.0002034669,0.0005172996,0.0001646367,0.0001146636,0.001067338],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001720102,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004964171,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007151139,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002987037,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987956,0.00004679509,0.0001794327,0.0002775471,0.0002405932,0.0004600359],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994384,0.0001429053,0.00006407312,0.0001739807,0.00005818414,0.0001224656],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006463311,0.0001833172,0.2813242,0.00001998848,0.0001450054,0.00002174596,0.1728267,0.000002409391,0.005065435,0.04770495,0.4633415,0.02935835],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001869281,0.00001015511,0.0084372,0.000005575291,0.000007083112,2.549666e-7,0.004217769,0.00005254526,0.002019142,0.0006417583,0.9842041,0.0002174768],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8394147,0.00006710763,0.000002214889,0.06963051,0.0005860216,0.0001768892,0.00002394575,0.0003598743,0.0897387],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9890873,0.00002598051,0.0001828674,0.004680155,0.0006262063,0.00007803166,0.00001365726,0.00001495865,0.005290871],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5208626,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997104,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4407156553","doi":"10.1007/s11127-025-01261-w","title":"Rebel victory and constitutional change","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Victory; Public finance; Political science; Political economy; Economics; Law and economics; Law; Politics","authors":[{"name":"Sally Sharif","is_ca":true},{"name":"Ilia Murtazashvili","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05558986318341445,"gpt":0.3409115688495549,"spread":0.2853217056661405,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002205382,0.00005149523,0.00007017416,0.00006511513,0.0005717566,0.00007072881,0.0001063763,0.00004914071,0.0002130255],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005510501,0.00005328737,0.00002073719,0.000225731,0.004835446,0.0002390219,0.00004137998,0.00007477844,0.0000179878],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008707759,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001673757,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001457456,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006961349,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993759,0.00005764464,0.0000794522,0.0001222327,0.0001552751,0.0002095355],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994223,0.0002632571,0.00002461427,0.00007100474,0.0001037821,0.0001150643],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.173271e-7,0.00001293229,0.02398872,0.000003958222,0.000008303614,5.793589e-7,0.000140029,3.720341e-8,0.000001756067,0.9696647,0.004422559,0.001755842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000093482,0.000002437117,0.01057262,0.000007987101,0.000005632084,7.726928e-7,0.0001666431,0.000002638547,8.210052e-7,0.001674358,0.9874155,0.00005714121],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.003689108,0.0007007194,0.00118705,0.0386779,0.0005254336,0.0001211463,0.00002667896,0.00006960759,0.9550024],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9825728,0.00007899637,0.0001219249,0.006963382,0.0004877748,0.00002282411,0.000007085862,0.000001257577,0.009743954],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9829929,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978728,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4413431034","doi":"10.1007/s11127-025-01321-1","title":"Electronic voting and invalid votes: evidence from a natural experiment in Peru","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Voting; Natural experiment; Natural (archaeology); Economics; Political science; Geography; Law; Statistics; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Fernando M. Aragón","is_ca":true},{"name":"Alberto Chong","is_ca":false},{"name":"Angelo Cozzubo Chaparro","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01948637013741649,"gpt":0.2757028619141999,"spread":0.2562164917767834,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005452788,0.0001605179,0.00022433,0.0002150755,0.0001019568,0.0005790394,0.0008151399,0.00005821234,0.00001982461],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006029593,0.0001463752,0.00006931089,0.0006901168,0.00003293976,0.0008139577,0.0004245611,0.0003521348,0.000008150521],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001935927,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001645691,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006621628,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002415935,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998269,0.0001188411,0.0003161957,0.0005776499,0.0002421088,0.0004761986],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999025,0.0005238772,0.0000845075,0.0002256463,0.00007864665,0.00006227673],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001931328,0.0002872813,0.04526307,0.00008120789,0.0003145648,0.00002891175,0.01536132,0.0008912404,0.003364324,0.8350184,0.001868857,0.09750153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003371102,0.00002690416,0.01211068,0.0002348546,0.0000108682,0.000002692545,0.0002031241,0.9820316,0.0005146257,0.00007107382,0.004230786,0.000225691],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9010866,0.008696537,0.08363423,0.005664241,0.0003054473,0.0001368446,4.027183e-7,0.0001214105,0.0003543311],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976596,0.00003328946,0.001091294,0.0008315709,0.00008218028,0.00001936669,0.000002311156,0.00000532099,0.0002751103],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9811404,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5969007,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1605604201","doi":"10.1023/a:1005085629271","title":"Some Implications of Corporate Taxation for Rent-Seeking Activity","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Corporate Taxation and Avoidance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Rent-seeking; Oligopoly; Public finance; Corporate tax; Profit (economics); Economics; Microeconomics; Corporate finance; Business; Public economics; Monetary economics; Tax avoidance; Finance; Double taxation; Macroeconomics","authors":[{"name":"Eliakim Katz","is_ca":true},{"name":"Jacob Rosenberg","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06892543719778481,"gpt":0.2598169759552071,"spread":0.1908915387574223,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002427768,0.0001029596,0.0001335366,0.0001483622,0.0001774802,0.000185892,0.000182522,0.00004204479,0.0004685106],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003204711,0.0001052776,0.00006392988,0.0005659027,0.00003676925,0.001894186,0.00003085501,0.00006037621,0.0001000956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002761003,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003452587,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002025169,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001519256,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992468,0.000007348676,0.0002146201,0.0002169397,0.0001265051,0.0001878036],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983511,0.00006613821,0.0010581,0.0002404243,0.0002699429,0.00001427502],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009102519,0.0005865638,0.1522315,0.0004301851,0.00005655333,3.10718e-7,0.00005443099,0.0002105816,0.0403611,0.2855429,0.02553448,0.4949003],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007578881,0.000008149007,0.4873071,0.00002057654,0.00002723019,4.515204e-7,0.00001256756,0.00863158,0.0003708478,0.01918462,0.4834495,0.0002294478],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9724222,0.0000373671,0.003752573,0.01127817,0.0001953047,0.0004848068,0.00002142915,0.0001681142,0.01164008],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995983,0.000009804942,0.0001528187,0.001110659,0.0009681263,0.00009161329,0.00009675317,0.00001640409,0.001570833],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4946709,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5129862,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2762659912","doi":"10.1007/s11127-017-0481-5","title":"The supermajority core of the US Senate and the failure to join the League of Nations","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"University of British Columbia","keywords":"Treaty; Ratification; Isolationism; Law; Political science; Collective security; Law and economics; Economics; International relations; Politics; Foreign policy","authors":[{"name":"Gyung‐Ho Jeong","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06645600546065944,"gpt":0.3577532482421683,"spread":0.2912972427815089,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001579139,0.00004702752,0.00008986696,0.0000109503,0.002591645,0.0002247918,0.0005859102,0.0000400778,0.00001291101],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005580896,0.00001802418,0.00005124542,0.0001691452,0.001001129,0.0001414393,0.0001035384,0.0001109278,0.000003011955],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002221066,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001051967,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05963887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2910941,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989421,0.0003249411,0.0001642814,0.00007549909,0.0002983705,0.0001948242],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982173,0.0009680635,0.0001388524,0.000393445,0.0002237787,0.00005855318],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003998603,0.00001266863,0.1036357,0.000008193781,0.00001646839,2.110714e-8,0.003796603,0.000001663437,0.0001822135,0.8895043,0.002350385,0.000487812],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002945828,0.00001174647,0.6271505,0.00002029035,0.00002322672,4.018717e-7,0.0008237541,0.0001143391,0.0002424242,0.007486262,0.3637735,0.00005902635],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7784315,0.00006101476,0.000003557656,0.2120119,0.0002015295,0.0003430802,0.00001093002,0.000005550179,0.008930982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998202,0.000006600334,0.000001834931,0.0002854399,0.0002207767,0.00002937498,3.224274e-7,0.000002669667,0.001250944],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.882018,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987068,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3194150413","doi":"10.1007/s11127-021-00927-5","title":"Immigrants as Future Voters","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Labor Movements and Unions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Immigration; Contradiction; Political science; Welfare economics; Politics; Humanities; Economics; Law","authors":[{"name":"Arye L. Hillman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ngo Van Long","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0243472240413986,"gpt":0.3135325367148025,"spread":0.2891853126734039,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004888382,0.0001946501,0.0002400886,0.0001007954,0.0005393813,0.001039295,0.0007663589,0.0003974808,0.002339497],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005059979,0.000188898,0.0001774487,0.0004121845,0.0001149133,0.0002829574,0.0005398075,0.0006088469,0.00002190662],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000199868,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001191322,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0617623,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09563426,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979004,0.0002184971,0.0002131911,0.0004931339,0.0006679458,0.0005068905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986433,0.0000795568,0.0001482771,0.0005116675,0.0003164331,0.0003007541],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008865192,0.000929165,0.03462235,0.0001260699,0.0008622749,0.00009242907,0.06148253,0.0000146165,0.0001219424,0.517992,0.207687,0.1760607],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001323257,0.000004206704,0.05879357,0.00002955816,0.00002125931,2.68899e-7,0.004863854,0.000002563067,0.000005948106,0.0008004706,0.9351203,0.0002256777],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6220568,0.001711508,0.00006545965,0.1564971,0.01163155,0.0006054545,0.0001140597,0.0003355194,0.2069825],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.950205,0.001461885,0.0002310653,0.01121375,0.006826894,0.0000882978,0.0002937361,0.00004041185,0.02963901],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7274333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2061347761","doi":"10.1007/s11127-005-2059-x","title":"James T. Bennett, Tax-Funded Politics. New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers, 2004. 204 pages. USD 29.95 (cloth).","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Database transaction; Public finance; Economic history; Political science; Politics; Media studies; Economics; Sociology; Law; Computer science; Database","authors":[{"name":"William F. Shughart","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02497983120514808,"gpt":0.2629354369314493,"spread":0.2379556057263012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004510318,0.0002131395,0.0002260995,0.00008563697,0.0005224737,0.001193027,0.0003169605,0.0002400958,0.001311528],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004774772,0.0002209987,0.00008525126,0.0006411792,0.0002106939,0.003995627,0.00002939118,0.0002248874,0.00006830071],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004492827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007624343,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03491663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08590329,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974924,0.0001243628,0.0003317786,0.0004509519,0.0007973844,0.0008030612],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998778,0.000147715,0.0001636612,0.000251304,0.0001352207,0.0005240966],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001692337,0.0002182722,0.03649963,0.00003365962,0.00004532069,0.000002300266,0.002827969,0.00004085519,0.00003830924,0.06878108,0.8203285,0.07116713],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008653675,0.0000312304,0.02452626,0.00001736466,0.00002349889,0.00000198457,0.0006091385,0.0001878901,0.00007852395,0.0007478027,0.9726442,0.0002667521],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2164914,0.04746115,0.03079635,0.4437869,0.00383417,0.002701023,0.00009064106,0.001518554,0.2533198],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9266807,0.008683585,0.0006844816,0.007570753,0.003931431,0.0000193836,0.00008134623,0.00005942182,0.05228894],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7101892,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998438,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}