{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":1,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"8449ba55c0d8","filters":{"venue":"UMT Education Review"}},"results":[{"id":"W3036065981","doi":"10.32350/uer.31.03","title":"Does Income Inequality Lead to Education Inequality? A Cross Sectional Study of Pakistan","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"UMT Education Review","topic":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Inequality; Economics; Educational attainment; Economic inequality; Income inequality metrics; Labour economics; Product (mathematics); Demographic economics; Wage; Variable (mathematics); Instrumental variable; Econometrics; Economic growth; Mathematics","authors":[{"name":"Noman Arshed","is_ca":false},{"name":"Muhammad Shahid Hassan","is_ca":false},{"name":"Osama Aziz","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07943181248358461,"gpt":0.452692815968523,"spread":0.3732610034849383,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003233396,0.0001927294,0.0004971441,0.00008197944,0.0003869903,0.0001073735,0.0004869963,0.0001208784,0.0007263655],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002465514,0.0001467822,0.0001369668,0.001149072,0.0001074487,0.000400586,0.00008701026,0.0002535786,0.000148302],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003119323,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002274499,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01073211,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002102238,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957432,0.001432158,0.001258544,0.0004820011,0.0008190314,0.0002650301],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975516,0.000189051,0.0004923654,0.0004686136,0.0009752568,0.0003230774],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003463341,0.002632688,0.8965471,0.003533763,0.0000359184,1.237397e-7,0.03971688,0.00000158879,0.00002673667,0.02551074,0.009652372,0.02230742],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002707539,0.0002678346,0.6284126,0.0008268548,0.00006501706,3.892694e-7,0.02474364,0.000002014349,0.000028583,0.001905302,0.3430426,0.0004343812],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9644662,0.003357439,0.0001274148,0.0135822,0.002833447,0.002711742,0.000047794,0.0001032238,0.01277052],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9834493,0.001482285,0.0002123635,0.01255684,0.00104309,0.0002724387,0.00004350155,0.0000149837,0.0009252276],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3333902,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9958555,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}