{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":7,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":7,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"8f3cf0197687","filters":{"venue":"Utah law review"}},"results":[{"id":"W2565158601","doi":"10.5072/ulr.v2016i2.2788","title":"Property or Currency? The Tax Dilemma Behind Bitcoin","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Credit card; Currency; Business; Commerce; Payment; The Internet; E-commerce; Quarter (Canadian coin); Cash; Finance; Advertising; Economics; Monetary economics","authors":[{"name":"Scott A. Wiseman","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02889875576965354,"gpt":0.2723857798688463,"spread":0.2434870240991927,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005507785,0.0001290397,0.0002130408,0.00001687139,0.0002203557,0.00003900845,0.001572091,0.00006512014,0.0001700281],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009095159,0.00004135632,0.00007691885,0.0002939678,0.000205453,0.0001616185,0.0003478381,0.0001391717,0.0005300878],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001893341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005524803,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006243943,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001248335,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998911,0.00009324359,0.000268335,0.000347278,0.0001520566,0.0002280376],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983175,0.0001015738,0.0001081951,0.001349065,0.00007463486,0.00004902974],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[4.013738e-7,0.00003000699,0.00001544417,0.00009349292,0.0000051048,0.000002566021,0.00001309995,1.398011e-8,0.00001681485,0.6010968,0.01410419,0.384622],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007835864,0.00002841708,0.00002760612,0.0006767412,0.00001078287,0.00004532553,3.505245e-7,0.00008309518,0.000170908,0.009487022,0.9892811,0.0001103597],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001188059,0.1652286,0.2601199,0.5435632,0.0007837912,0.005484247,0.00005237361,0.001666457,0.02191338],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6807738,0.214417,0.03594868,0.04928615,0.0004999122,0.004020998,0.000008442833,0.00008222871,0.01496278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9751769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6813383,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2256664533","doi":"10.63140/61rem_291c","title":"Interstate Commerce and the Principles of the Law of Nations","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"World Trade Organization Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Merck Canada Inc. (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Constitution; Commerce Clause; Law; Dormant Commerce Clause; Political science; Jurisprudence; Doctrine; Sovereignty; International law; Originalism; Original meaning; Sociology; Meaning (existential); Federalism; Philosophy; Politics; Epistemology","authors":[{"name":"Douglas G. Smith","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03211252704945602,"gpt":0.3018866070055325,"spread":0.2697740799560765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005956293,0.00004283814,0.0001504166,0.000006808471,0.0002716694,0.00001265495,0.0002510175,0.00001440276,0.00006984164],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002237028,0.00002315959,0.00005085368,0.0003809565,0.001438386,0.00006925338,0.00005939246,0.00005141829,0.000004652063],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000198853,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004838306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001943952,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01111368,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992532,0.000226315,0.0002211788,0.00006107934,0.0001721788,0.0000660723],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994128,0.0001600723,0.000153208,0.0001754473,0.0000783168,0.00002010171],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.636119e-7,0.00001048507,0.00003504739,0.0001679523,0.000007456331,3.939242e-8,0.00137656,0.000004430241,0.000004012996,0.9982285,0.00003493046,0.0001300561],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002287928,0.000004826921,0.000237023,0.001208738,0.0000500382,8.547185e-7,0.0001590926,5.722281e-7,0.0001439268,0.005526068,0.9924024,0.00003761374],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.00313232,0.04157983,0.0001149192,0.3820029,0.0002434414,0.001929437,0.00002494217,0.00004565611,0.5709265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9823833,0.01459445,0.0001461943,0.00251562,0.00001370218,0.000005551324,7.975743e-7,0.000004755857,0.0003356114],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9927024,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6201692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3123860255","doi":"10.5072/ulr.v2010i3.428","title":"DECENTRALIZING FAMILY: AN INCLUSIVE PROPOSAL FOR INDIVIDUAL TAX FILING IN THE UNITED STATES","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"Discrimination and Equality Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Interdependence; Sketch; Law and economics; Income tax; Joint (building); Tax reform; Law; Sociology; Political science; Economics; Computer science; Engineering","authors":[{"name":"Anthony C. Infanti","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1704281047127147,"gpt":0.4094976652124926,"spread":0.2390695604997779,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00280685,0.00008747663,0.0001674026,0.00003295486,0.0004080745,0.00007784113,0.0004165632,0.00004464071,0.00009726396],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002195959,0.00006120188,0.00005818464,0.0003581522,0.0001902512,0.0002685308,0.00004075023,0.00008680306,0.00001218053],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000361323,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001066482,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01265906,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0158202,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983058,0.0006923454,0.0002741781,0.0001514741,0.000296665,0.0002795205],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994729,0.0001355681,0.0001006696,0.0001412413,0.00008021503,0.00006938248],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003312205,0.00006967787,0.00007026844,0.0002398934,0.000005854311,0.000001690095,0.04315668,6.577001e-7,7.74389e-7,0.9500087,0.000633858,0.005808556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000192397,0.00006030885,0.0003837812,0.000779782,0.0000644168,4.954005e-7,0.01306893,0.00002370909,0.000014391,0.07117892,0.914064,0.0001688926],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2960629,0.03540327,0.001991474,0.06484904,0.001697291,0.02227105,0.0008019182,0.0007047413,0.5762183],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9129665,0.02705616,0.005902005,0.05248239,0.000222771,0.000402341,0.0007499441,0.00003592522,0.0001819831],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9134301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9939157,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1520882792","doi":"10.63140/omxx0u79t5","title":"The Rule of Law at the Crossroads: Consequences of Targeted Killing of Citizens","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Legislature; Law; Framing (construction); Political science; Original meaning; Constitutional law; Bill of rights; Separation of powers; Constitution; Constitutional theory; Meaning (existential); History; Psychology","authors":[{"name":"Ryan Patrick Alford","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05685865810302759,"gpt":0.3262494018398416,"spread":0.269390743736814,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009365039,0.00006975268,0.0002738041,0.000004810622,0.0004879884,0.000006069415,0.0003338377,0.00003195256,0.0004867992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000201905,0.00003797131,0.0001396353,0.0001317697,0.01066229,0.00004329386,0.00004547683,0.00005783757,0.00001166725],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002037012,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003951085,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01747766,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001485455,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998809,0.0002494259,0.0004007433,0.00008484784,0.0002744726,0.0001815047],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986564,0.0005007159,0.0003587146,0.0002142952,0.0002250282,0.00004485255],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002955859,0.000009782965,0.0001155899,0.0001501874,0.00002065165,4.676938e-7,0.0005609154,4.03646e-7,0.00009702553,0.998572,0.0001780388,0.0002919967],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003699844,0.00002125033,0.00002804798,0.0006248964,0.00006066345,0.000001984606,0.0002338289,2.647547e-7,0.002636845,0.00883493,0.9874606,0.00005969395],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.007591769,0.1272216,0.000019443,0.001735496,0.000187144,0.0003990599,0.0001213124,0.00001338051,0.8627108],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9654445,0.03231991,0.0002015171,0.001219703,0.00003396215,0.00000900435,0.000002678741,0.000003698126,0.0007650476],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.989737,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9920301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1574599948","doi":"10.5072/ulr.v2008i2.13","title":"What nearly a quarter century of experience has taught us about Leon and \"Good faith\"","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Quarter (Canadian coin); Faith; Sociology; History; Theology; Philosophy; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Kenneth J. Melilli","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03445267968346857,"gpt":0.308894022651485,"spread":0.2744413429680164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000202447,0.0001018059,0.0002930557,0.00001208318,0.0004570328,0.00005872731,0.0001552082,0.00004712999,0.0002751034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006439744,0.00008644578,0.00008049669,0.0001549473,0.002617052,0.0004617175,0.00002586541,0.000076579,0.0000319842],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002661937,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003960062,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004060686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004749722,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988568,0.0001428929,0.0002809345,0.0001737788,0.0003008984,0.0002446406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993827,0.00008469862,0.000130424,0.0001645575,0.00009245252,0.0001451802],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001706953,0.00002452943,0.001081153,0.0001664763,0.000007495801,0.00001017792,0.002892173,1.188255e-7,0.000007719369,0.9932576,0.0007870528,0.001763732],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006296791,0.00002752452,0.0003909442,0.0009320611,0.00001930415,0.00001909188,0.0005059896,4.311708e-7,0.000009200723,0.0001071746,0.9978154,0.0001099357],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07632148,0.6020597,0.0001158616,0.008821209,0.000976167,0.0009578086,0.0000526861,0.0000806619,0.3106144],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7915895,0.2038273,0.0002539883,0.003587143,0.0001155524,0.00001795553,0.000004086173,0.000004686933,0.0005998045],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9970284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9642637,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W7119468561","doi":"10.63140/zk-j3rkt2y","title":"Predicting Federal Third-Party Funding Regulation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"Global Financial Regulation and Crises","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Federalism; Government (linguistics); Enforcement; State (computer science); Federal law; Accountability; Federal state; Administration (probate law); Regulatory reform; Quilt","authors":[{"name":"Victoria Sahani","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04147316313988364,"gpt":0.2737146290246576,"spread":0.232241465884774,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000490598,0.0001156746,0.0003764857,0.00005460463,0.0002216878,0.00007437496,0.0001275989,0.00006546226,0.0004993295],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002101056,0.0001250768,0.0001391899,0.0003412417,0.00003370494,0.0002063061,0.00004709715,0.00008515978,0.000466811],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008980445,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001722671,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001615334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005044354,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988531,0.00001832997,0.0006099212,0.0002741142,0.000036898,0.0002076555],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994208,0.0000280968,0.0002275925,0.0002425682,0.00003604974,0.00004494744],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001916022,0.00001255664,0.01730695,0.0004462927,0.00001154623,4.232948e-7,0.000008959034,0.0000126647,0.000001857602,0.970389,0.009079348,0.0027285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001453677,0.000009571714,0.02224045,0.001092477,0.00001098727,0.000001512333,0.000003841857,0.0004156509,0.00001698065,0.05435326,0.9215819,0.0001279807],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01010416,0.1520985,0.003111302,0.004157298,0.0009461364,0.0005924586,0.00004135035,0.0001565765,0.8287922],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9778733,0.008847633,0.0003452855,0.005805093,0.0001093729,0.00005653101,0.00002946439,0.00001278909,0.006920528],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9677691,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6000067,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1578860503","doi":"10.63140/ymz30few.p","title":"What Nearly a Quarter Century of Experience Has Taught Us About Leon and \"Good Faith\"","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Utah law review","topic":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Quarter (Canadian coin); Faith; Good faith; History; Political science; Philosophy; Law; Theology; Archaeology","authors":[{"name":"Kenneth J. Melilli","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03445267968346857,"gpt":0.308894022651485,"spread":0.2744413429680164,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000202447,0.0001018059,0.0002930557,0.00001208318,0.0004570328,0.00005872731,0.0001552082,0.00004712999,0.0002751034],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006439744,0.00008644578,0.00008049669,0.0001549473,0.002617052,0.0004617175,0.00002586541,0.000076579,0.0000319842],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002661937,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003960062,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004060686,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004749722,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988568,0.0001428929,0.0002809345,0.0001737788,0.0003008984,0.0002446406],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993827,0.00008469862,0.000130424,0.0001645575,0.00009245252,0.0001451802],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001706953,0.00002452943,0.001081153,0.0001664763,0.000007495801,0.00001017792,0.002892173,1.188255e-7,0.000007719369,0.9932576,0.0007870528,0.001763732],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006296791,0.00002752452,0.0003909442,0.0009320611,0.00001930415,0.00001909188,0.0005059896,4.311708e-7,0.000009200723,0.0001071746,0.9978154,0.0001099357],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.07632148,0.6020597,0.0001158616,0.008821209,0.000976167,0.0009578086,0.0000526861,0.0000806619,0.3106144],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7915895,0.2038273,0.0002539883,0.003587143,0.0001155524,0.00001795553,0.000004086173,0.000004686933,0.0005998045],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9970284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9642637,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}