{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":1220,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":8,"predictions_cover":1220,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12"},"query_hash":"cf5bfe3e5bb6","filters":{"venue":"Water Research"}},"results":[{"id":"W2086492725","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00293-8","title":"A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2375,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Biosorption; Brown algae; Sorption; Chemistry; Algae; Metal ions in aqueous solution; Metal; Environmental chemistry; Biopolymer; Environmental remediation; Adsorption; Chelation; Extracellular polymeric substance; Bioaccumulation; Botany; Inorganic chemistry; Contamination; Biology; Organic chemistry; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07306722228835623,"gpt":0.3606063832182279,"spread":0.2875391609298716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001987147,0.0002769281,0.0008922184,0.00007460193,0.0000991219,0.00001418389,0.0008561183,0.0002689269,0.006758482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008039794,0.0001354282,0.0006645578,0.0008066461,0.0008622394,0.00006135239,0.0005627706,0.0005843779,0.0008254679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002229638,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000717846,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008633816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002410704,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963173,0.0007740473,0.0008042188,0.0004545701,0.001186359,0.0004635091],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987763,0.00002421104,0.0002591214,0.0007785491,0.00004826262,0.0001135912],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002020941,0.0005487223,0.00001703533,0.1529403,0.0002019679,0.00000383594,0.00005792705,2.092637e-7,0.134898,0.00005676826,0.1711114,0.5401437],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007223511,0.00003547442,5.861062e-7,0.01531355,0.00008890051,0.00004164057,0.000004015664,6.931572e-7,0.03238193,0.00002418323,0.9518821,0.000154753],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001620613,0.9946237,0.000002577319,0.0001881126,0.00008271845,0.0008866622,0.0001667673,0.000009996253,0.003877468],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002369563,0.9877061,0.00003352989,0.00008224879,0.00002246551,0.00003747623,0.00009694353,0.00002798574,0.01175632],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7807707,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999525,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2055757297","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.014","title":"Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer (1997–2003)","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Phosphorus and nutrient management","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1407,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Struvite; Wastewater; Phosphorus; Eutrophication; Fertilizer; Sewage treatment; Environmental science; Waste management; Environmental engineering; Chemistry; Nutrient; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03208141237578168,"gpt":0.2940505507957221,"spread":0.2619691384199404,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006630675,0.0001681371,0.0001592757,0.00008761912,0.000200443,0.000148305,0.0003077537,0.00008233472,0.001520163],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005132949,0.0001136411,0.00002102471,0.0004620443,0.0001215834,0.0007644846,0.0008585746,0.0003524765,0.001572218],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003725108,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001117031,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001645509,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005498097,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974909,0.0001111066,0.0002236621,0.0006061401,0.0007673602,0.0008007959],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999436,0.000013197,0.00001849246,0.0003208452,0.00002917327,0.0001823424],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004900703,0.002426798,0.1991352,0.000155475,0.0001485363,0.002649984,0.03028527,0.002023356,0.2927116,0.001863506,0.01665796,0.4470417],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00102481,0.0001183512,0.0164196,0.00005374175,0.000004666932,0.000003094153,0.0003183276,0.00007456927,0.1920621,0.003891842,0.7858077,0.0002212064],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9877692,0.007470127,0.000002246792,0.00239398,0.0001923745,0.0004810897,0.000008107483,0.00002429556,0.001658585],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9770722,0.02004155,0.0002216799,0.0002114995,0.00005867493,0.00005126365,0.00002501458,0.00002421403,0.002293919],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7691497,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2016223385","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.045","title":"Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":990,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Government of Canada","keywords":"Environmental chemistry; Chemistry; Water treatment; Filtration (mathematics); Flocculation; Adsorption; Contamination; Surface water; Raw water; Perfluorooctanoic acid; Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Organic chemistry; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1156440366181545,"gpt":0.3919226687744816,"spread":0.2762786321563271,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002767583,0.0007424386,0.002219136,0.0005404518,0.0002928175,0.0001906088,0.0008648623,0.0004036384,0.003723107],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003787415,0.0003960868,0.0002623707,0.0005996407,0.001211052,0.0006612346,0.001221749,0.001070294,0.0008486169],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005735855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006443762,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004173001,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001037913,"domain_scores_codex":[0.992842,0.001325367,0.001132036,0.001331987,0.001421626,0.001946975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983433,0.0001395005,0.0001155091,0.0008961208,0.00006097426,0.0004445482],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001368464,0.000126167,0.005803034,0.01021386,0.00005161993,0.00008580824,0.0009841155,1.829295e-7,0.0006617634,0.00000944065,0.0003169423,0.9817334],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004678992,0.0003324717,0.0003092316,0.01525152,0.0001363345,0.00008340996,0.00006914379,0.000008419778,0.002127354,0.000104566,0.98049,0.0006196994],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03714618,0.9582165,3.444783e-7,0.0001992626,0.00004755409,0.00267981,0.00003508391,0.00002336332,0.001651876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.008155284,0.9860452,0.0000783466,0.00002156505,0.00004976949,0.0009596902,0.0001118852,0.00009443125,0.004483792],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9811137,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999293,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080767706","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.018","title":"Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a hyper-eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China): The need for a dual nutrient (N &amp; P) management strategy","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":974,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","keywords":"Eutrophication; Algal bloom; Environmental science; Bloom; Microcystis; Nutrient; Freshwater ecosystem; Dominance (genetics); Water quality; Lake ecosystem; Ecosystem; Ecology; Cyanobacteria; Phytoplankton; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02910771045535769,"gpt":0.2890894710116537,"spread":0.259981760556296,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002602796,0.0001852417,0.0002346625,0.00008428701,0.0005575683,0.0003878574,0.0004990357,0.0001149522,0.001374381],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003279336,0.0001090495,0.00008224419,0.0002206482,0.0002301125,0.0001261415,0.0003729569,0.0005748182,0.0005041835],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006914824,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001648731,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007193699,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06584039,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974414,0.0001997633,0.0003694769,0.0004398838,0.0006464635,0.0009029745],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992112,0.00006853894,0.00004611932,0.0005139877,0.00002567851,0.0001344697],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004895551,0.002906104,0.1676642,0.0009923028,0.0004211213,0.0003733328,0.0128827,0.01342182,0.7479474,0.02292957,0.007767242,0.01779864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01089197,0.0007536585,0.0546996,0.0001334804,0.000056675,0.00007470042,0.0009644446,0.04167211,0.006650529,0.01647227,0.8666275,0.001003093],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9932683,0.000006986939,0.0003358118,0.001127854,0.0003353251,0.001846621,0.00005888189,0.00002154882,0.002998654],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949787,0.000009963914,0.0002093044,0.00003863714,0.0002575511,0.000493256,0.000090427,0.00002794409,0.00389425],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8588602,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2163529355","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.062","title":"Biosorption and me","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":922,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Biosorption; Sorption; Biochemical engineering; Phenomenon; Sorbent; Biomass (ecology); Bioaccumulation; Process (computing); Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Biotechnology; Computer science; Materials science; Adsorption; Engineering; Environmental chemistry; Physics; Biology; Organic chemistry; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1901176717927772,"gpt":0.4262717869983194,"spread":0.2361541152055422,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002114957,0.0002449411,0.0004697268,0.0002948082,0.0002142794,0.00009790083,0.0003120366,0.0003476588,0.005360444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001960609,0.0001402148,0.000154288,0.0004101741,0.0005403691,0.0001155779,0.0006795885,0.0006864176,0.01953115],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002575363,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001431042,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007687026,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002155869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972681,0.0002995298,0.0003538797,0.0005401484,0.0008412776,0.0006970156],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993708,0.00002675272,0.0000424822,0.000318398,0.00001333961,0.0002282582],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004574934,0.00002782932,0.000009214016,0.0006375054,0.00001228994,0.00002063663,0.000058468,5.698002e-8,0.0005138542,0.0001191195,0.001747369,0.9968491],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006901364,0.00004260628,0.000009676982,0.0003756716,0.00002121038,0.0001138952,0.00001064246,0.000005301888,0.00008300439,0.0001362442,0.9989286,0.0002041446],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002826371,0.9786053,0.00001849171,0.0001043565,0.000131691,0.0007515613,0.00001920192,0.00006914249,0.02001762],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003165049,0.9783173,0.00009239164,0.00002557368,0.0001275224,0.0000204426,0.00005753994,0.0000345742,0.02100814],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9971812,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9955488,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2796066578","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.003","title":"Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics: A critical review","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":903,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Winnipeg","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Microplastics; Environmental science; Organic chemicals; Biochemical engineering; Environmental chemistry; Chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.108691680309055,"gpt":0.4013492835326328,"spread":0.2926576032235778,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001229068,0.0002623269,0.0008564648,0.0001231288,0.0001029335,0.00003734379,0.0004243212,0.0001932022,0.007614967],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005446715,0.0001433215,0.0001476066,0.0003431421,0.0008564111,0.00007538437,0.000480944,0.0006642044,0.005804868],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002590845,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006321896,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006133608,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001355747,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972243,0.0003692028,0.000564234,0.0005109417,0.0007185154,0.0006128598],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988895,0.0003348163,0.00008687725,0.0004419047,0.00007850483,0.0001683701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001548511,0.0007287522,0.00001507861,0.2562842,0.0002914015,0.0001419327,0.0002585003,0.000002225753,0.01095893,0.0001403186,0.1843374,0.5466864],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005223963,0.000203491,4.298314e-7,0.04209633,0.0001667672,0.0001162773,0.000002309824,0.000009383932,0.001384279,0.00003661536,0.9557503,0.0001815558],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005899934,0.9959077,0.0002715033,0.00005893233,0.0001530291,0.0006553733,0.00007387705,0.00001287261,0.002807723],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002831115,0.9983521,0.0004431632,0.00001872065,0.000121365,0.00006627746,0.00006925099,0.00003751619,0.0006084602],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7714129,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9949692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2328967395","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.003","title":"Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water disinfection: A review","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","field":"Engineering","cited_by":844,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council","keywords":"Light-emitting diode; Ultraviolet; Water disinfection; Optoelectronics; Ultraviolet light; Microorganism; Materials science; Environmental science; Environmental engineering; Biology; Bacteria","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06331728807664048,"gpt":0.3755849194242178,"spread":0.3122676313475773,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001444711,0.0002718802,0.0009883038,0.000243686,0.0001119953,0.00004210427,0.0002458343,0.000286846,0.000085942],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005478332,0.0001277093,0.0004469104,0.00021715,0.00006023712,0.00007387315,0.00006886803,0.0004281247,0.0004756633],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001255361,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001258053,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008936685,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001218723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979008,0.0001432541,0.0006598276,0.0003669157,0.0003370624,0.0005921486],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991118,0.00008068511,0.00003858648,0.0004530434,0.0002204872,0.00009535971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002405353,0.00001663028,5.421846e-7,0.1137395,0.00007364117,7.432416e-7,0.00001519441,8.259971e-7,0.003669132,0.00004956231,0.0008288849,0.8816029],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007176628,0.00004145682,2.192428e-7,0.02757444,0.0001245182,0.000009384383,0.00000118636,0.00009957066,0.01611588,0.0001697478,0.95559,0.0002018099],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001163867,0.9939315,0.003427986,0.0001538677,0.0001199725,0.001621277,0.0000449183,0.00009081488,0.0005979827],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008528215,0.9968973,0.00004924924,0.000004969371,0.0004484098,0.0007607987,0.0001284572,0.00008331558,0.0007746903],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9547611,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6113848,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W236041936","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.037","title":"A review on polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes: History, applications, challenges and approaches","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":756,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Thin-film composite membrane; Membrane; Nanofiltration; Polyamide; Forward osmosis; Nanocomposite; Reverse osmosis; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Biofouling; Nanotechnology; Chemistry; Polymer chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3198059234888001,"gpt":0.3853141853992421,"spread":0.06550826191044196,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003541622,0.0004388885,0.001166182,0.0002873265,0.0001644839,0.00004612055,0.001233526,0.0003735659,0.0006625189],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007612682,0.0002729415,0.0001500293,0.0002437312,0.000727752,0.0001612198,0.001071357,0.0009800809,0.006212705],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000957428,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000762064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006497879,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002127931,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957679,0.0009211386,0.0005565844,0.001070095,0.00104495,0.0006393614],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998181,0.0001032761,0.0001306154,0.001360552,0.00002880546,0.0001956978],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004457198,0.0000691358,1.796937e-7,0.03892332,0.000026456,0.000006132597,0.0002507485,0.000001911839,0.00001041238,0.0003385473,0.01884402,0.9415247],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007252263,0.00008422424,3.878129e-7,0.006624029,0.00005622468,0.00003477428,0.00003675992,0.00001186241,0.0000572494,0.0002704889,0.9924406,0.0003109059],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001886793,0.9667286,0.00000204907,0.0008429987,0.00003319912,0.003470496,0.00001012327,0.000158448,0.0287522],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000006535377,0.9900272,0.0001814733,0.0000941777,0.00005098543,0.003094184,0.0001152059,0.00006176901,0.006368414],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9735966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999723,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2052147432","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00277-3","title":"Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":728,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University; McMaster University; Environment and Climate Change Canada; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Extracellular polymeric substance; Chemistry; Activated sludge; Chemical engineering; Volume (thermodynamics); Chromatography; Wastewater; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental engineering; Bacteria","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05396023429780622,"gpt":0.2767035651453299,"spread":0.2227433308475237,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005725133,0.00005660393,0.00007651939,0.00003246935,0.00005366193,0.00001837191,0.00005557125,0.00003070942,0.00008581347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005683421,0.00003026145,0.00000947128,0.00009706058,0.0002691167,0.0001166014,0.0001916043,0.00006734012,0.0000307738],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003676168,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002348699,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001622923,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002196214,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992517,0.0001232372,0.00008953148,0.0001714749,0.0001521955,0.000211876],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998304,0.000007476414,0.000005921164,0.0001097595,0.000007423613,0.00003905971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004079731,0.00003219402,0.3879006,0.000006790694,0.000001910851,0.000001552204,0.001567755,0.00001814639,0.6094443,0.000001326629,0.000003682923,0.0009809615],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002420812,0.00005947286,0.1378966,0.00000827467,8.573953e-7,0.00000554618,0.0003457717,0.0007792542,0.8596779,0.0005594224,0.0003781919,0.00004668206],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9990281,0.0001467895,4.801035e-7,0.0002554097,0.000004086815,0.0001909986,0.000001456923,0.000005104796,0.0003676041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994954,0.00002930362,0.0001059486,0.00000281868,0.00000386055,0.000004299294,0.000002426346,0.000004196005,0.0003517271],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2502336,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2453385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2795145445","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.058","title":"Wetting phenomena in membrane distillation: Mechanisms, reversal, and prevention","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":727,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Wetting; Membrane; Membrane distillation; Fouling; Membrane fouling; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Composite material; Engineering; Desalination","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1304424115713696,"gpt":0.3977653919880383,"spread":0.2673229804166688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.002758365,0.0002237934,0.0005232081,0.0003048367,0.0001908808,0.0001046638,0.000443875,0.0002707448,0.002314691],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001366557,0.0001544764,0.00006638099,0.0005098399,0.0003626191,0.0002178918,0.0009997691,0.0005365474,0.002164123],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003481031,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002348112,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001078894,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001084022,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971535,0.0005271581,0.0004658762,0.0006630025,0.0006450443,0.0005454844],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992983,0.00005728044,0.00008061153,0.0004805464,0.00001565171,0.00006758874],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007185304,0.00003285774,0.000009513452,0.003785054,0.00001898885,0.00001704483,0.0003134251,0.000003360684,0.000368839,0.0003577775,0.001225132,0.9938608],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001169663,0.0000854831,0.00000493334,0.001498208,0.00001792908,0.00001270099,0.00004517473,0.0000527453,0.0006274922,0.006320925,0.9909944,0.0002230284],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005412338,0.9772448,0.0001962337,0.0003508443,0.0001578134,0.003078531,0.00001236445,0.0001883365,0.01822986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003960338,0.9910638,0.001154037,0.000005464353,0.00008546747,0.0001838644,0.00006700133,0.00003645057,0.007007873],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9936378,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986128,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2027003001","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00062-8","title":"Buffer Zone versus Whole Catchment Approaches to Studying Land Use Impact on River Water Quality","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":686,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Natural Resources","keywords":"Water quality; Environmental science; Hydrology (agriculture); Watershed; Buffer zone; Land use; Drainage basin; Point source pollution; Pollution; Surface water; Agricultural land; Nonpoint source pollution; Environmental engineering; Geography; Geology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.5038311066914499,"gpt":0.4374470148597652,"spread":0.06638409183168476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003076757,0.0002060902,0.0002071104,0.0001161393,0.0004008037,0.0002312802,0.0003710711,0.00007958077,0.002711143],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001990725,0.0001095477,0.00008622307,0.0001873674,0.0002144046,0.0003190334,0.0007225166,0.000361881,0.01208227],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000771975,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009717419,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01450446,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005810557,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958955,0.0008897346,0.0002797217,0.0005543415,0.001301962,0.001078739],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989442,0.00006672856,0.00001595095,0.0005926176,0.00001762787,0.0003629175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006675199,0.003124394,0.7447342,0.00005873628,0.0003018805,0.0001923102,0.0770291,0.02192545,0.1161706,0.0002316604,0.01935345,0.01020302],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003318152,0.00164701,0.6733537,0.00002803129,0.00001522211,0.000006148629,0.0008769713,0.0002702169,0.1253178,0.0004176326,0.193994,0.0007550938],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9914022,0.00000245495,0.0001492108,0.005546066,0.0001242669,0.000586236,0.00002138831,0.00003799875,0.002130158],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860154,0.000003953473,0.0001777196,0.000190333,0.00008028755,0.0000836939,0.00005045704,0.00001933923,0.01337879],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1746406,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9982005,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2051051764","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.023","title":"Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solutions by TiO2 photocatalysis","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":611,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"National University of Singapore","keywords":"Mineralization (soil science); Photodegradation; Chemistry; Photocatalysis; Degradation (telecommunications); Aqueous solution; Reaction rate constant; Acetaminophen; Antipyretic; Nuclear chemistry; Irradiation; Analgesic; Chromatography; Environmental chemistry; Catalysis; Kinetics; Organic chemistry; Anesthesia; Biochemistry; Nitrogen","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1255817633542446,"gpt":0.3584998975732489,"spread":0.2329181342190043,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005453452,0.0000677949,0.00009910815,0.00005876388,0.0001386548,0.00000689144,0.0001762976,0.0000415583,0.002163294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002349503,0.00004835737,0.00003139441,0.0002481627,0.0005777425,0.0001652298,0.0002379558,0.0001867252,0.001545156],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000133718,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004688266,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001514074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006050605,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985351,0.0001376126,0.0001686047,0.0001998658,0.0004930972,0.0004657109],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996817,0.00002005442,0.00001319701,0.0001639337,0.0000036877,0.0001174411],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001681022,0.0003215295,0.03779284,0.000005750101,0.000004475325,0.00001928329,0.0002962037,0.0001594265,0.9559388,0.000004015741,0.003461111,0.001979766],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003039501,0.00006281097,0.02443428,0.000008161717,0.00000317135,0.00001508153,0.00004013997,0.00140379,0.9679367,0.0002102569,0.005488015,0.00009365282],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9928644,0.000057551,0.00005573263,0.0004949243,0.000009671616,0.000195517,0.000007915186,0.000007366997,0.006306864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9942273,0.0001460204,0.00009098086,0.0000395654,0.000005012033,0.000008843662,0.00003014761,0.000006780534,0.005445364],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01335856,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992322,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2000979058","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00409-3","title":"Heavy-metal removal from aqueous solution by fungus Mucor rouxii","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":581,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biosorption; Chemistry; Metal ions in aqueous solution; Nuclear chemistry; Cadmium; Metal; Adsorption; Aqueous solution; Biomass (ecology); Zinc; Distilled water; Chromatography; Sorption; Organic chemistry; Biology; Agronomy","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03991345098825816,"gpt":0.2946225684408256,"spread":0.2547091174525674,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001063834,0.0001632223,0.0001502199,0.00007519644,0.0003767702,0.00009277088,0.0002946069,0.0001448092,0.02184715],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005912877,0.0001154764,0.00009161776,0.0002692715,0.0003770266,0.0002305671,0.0002243661,0.0004056672,0.0171741],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003087224,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001521052,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001630356,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001233833,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969004,0.000434309,0.0002472142,0.000517791,0.001067046,0.0008332754],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993167,0.0000191587,0.00002598978,0.0003586571,0.00002131682,0.0002581577],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007849842,0.0001505777,0.0007729534,0.000002137783,0.00001140327,0.00005736259,0.0002276056,0.000008091052,0.9622646,0.0001381538,0.02922609,0.00706253],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005248367,0.0001357757,0.000622874,0.000005277636,0.000005342479,0.0001018888,0.0001001288,0.000586978,0.4012738,0.001728537,0.5946772,0.0002373164],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9707636,0.0001430274,0.0003842256,0.001045272,0.0002238466,0.0002832551,0.00005328069,0.00008319518,0.02702026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9605042,0.00003202731,0.000672095,0.0001587725,0.00007119757,0.00001200382,0.0000751119,0.00002283187,0.0384517],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5654511,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9835911,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2044502066","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.031","title":"Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":505,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"University of Hong Kong; University Grants Committee; City University of Hong Kong","keywords":"Effluent; Penicillin; Sewage treatment; Norfloxacin; Wastewater; Sewage; Chemistry; Antibiotics; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Cefalexin; Environmental chemistry; Cefazolin; Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Ciprofloxacin; Ampicillin","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05467695421216571,"gpt":0.3364187690311159,"spread":0.2817418148189502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007259835,0.0001452717,0.0001824513,0.00006322411,0.00008238074,0.00003133774,0.0001525134,0.00007421117,0.001151052],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001206791,0.00009167023,0.00003135634,0.0001007608,0.0006744353,0.0001731108,0.0003633887,0.0001925859,0.0002060348],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001836915,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002841326,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004934391,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002134881,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981579,0.0001062996,0.0002453165,0.0003314112,0.0004673201,0.000691772],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999544,0.00004127438,0.00001508823,0.0001905465,0.000002275131,0.0002068722],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006371014,0.0002255408,0.1292831,0.00001490548,0.00001000587,0.0001927764,0.002202591,0.00001355527,0.8634158,0.000003950888,0.00009510688,0.004478884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005361906,0.0001564844,0.1089258,0.00002225515,0.000003817414,0.00001442043,0.0004412128,0.0001270373,0.8855833,0.0002842225,0.003789765,0.0001155276],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939793,0.0001258875,0.00001112291,0.0002730435,0.00002562736,0.0002036411,0.00005506152,0.000008960879,0.005317338],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951791,0.0001657305,0.00025256,0.00001982114,0.00001703819,1.841928e-7,0.00002487663,0.00001239481,0.004328337],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02216747,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997621,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2090667417","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.011","title":"Chlorination disinfection by-products, public health risk tradeoffs and me","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":451,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Chloramination; Context (archaeology); Public health; Environmental health; Scope (computer science); Water quality; Environmental planning; Health risk; Water disinfection; Water treatment; Risk assessment; Environmental science; Environmental engineering; Chemistry; Chlorine; Medicine; Geography; Chloramine; Biology; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1550735333895504,"gpt":0.3878162951647726,"spread":0.2327427617752222,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00216551,0.0003097196,0.0005582194,0.0002691654,0.0006275744,0.0003075541,0.0001915783,0.0001933433,0.0003463129],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005685059,0.0001928448,0.0001042323,0.0005758915,0.0001873998,0.0004800061,0.0002004766,0.0005887383,0.001298533],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001040219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004170688,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001707816,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007035267,"domain_scores_codex":[0.996285,0.0009940828,0.0003673108,0.0008054635,0.0007122745,0.0008358888],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992054,0.00002699218,0.0001043834,0.0003927573,0.00002097064,0.0002495433],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002553659,0.0001843461,0.0003485929,0.0006721404,0.00002326614,0.000002368893,0.0002296113,2.102894e-7,0.00001655492,0.00001264993,0.005645421,0.9928623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000160219,0.0003085176,0.0004184776,0.0002055776,0.00003510914,0.00002766496,0.000007344124,0.000004414338,0.00008317444,0.000288766,0.9982554,0.0002053187],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002630236,0.9911366,0.00003943362,0.001893197,0.0001848595,0.001765933,0.00003211875,0.0001156399,0.002202019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.005240842,0.9904123,0.00002460578,0.000009394586,0.0001528014,0.0001189828,0.0006277581,0.00003617744,0.003377164],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9926569,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994791,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3169451202","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2021.117309","title":"Characterizing the river water quality in China: Recent progress and on-going challenges","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":427,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Water quality; Environmental science; Eutrophication; Urbanization; Hydrology (agriculture); Watershed; China; Surface water; Pollution; Water resource management; Nutrient; Environmental protection; Geography; Ecology; Environmental engineering; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1644970949624423,"gpt":0.4015243642764586,"spread":0.2370272693140163,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.003968344,0.0001084805,0.0001318233,0.00004507054,0.0002964897,0.000118436,0.0002107902,0.00005874131,0.00125544],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002464218,0.0000532916,0.00002567919,0.0001069236,0.0004303617,0.0001618385,0.0007451174,0.0004318922,0.0009496002],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001567247,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009225075,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002643745,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002637716,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967083,0.00138183,0.0002214293,0.0004040772,0.0006591236,0.000625196],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994948,0.00003569203,0.00001459504,0.0003496521,0.00001670311,0.00008858088],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004257235,0.001504412,0.111789,0.0003453104,0.00007704258,0.0004296006,0.2577921,0.00006093634,0.4114988,0.00410824,0.00109762,0.2108711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004306965,0.0000764576,0.5455877,0.00005125914,0.000001867998,0.00001001673,0.0007513236,0.00004633795,0.2886712,0.002246114,0.1619463,0.0001808185],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.922163,0.0001232768,0.000001436091,0.07261395,0.00006635109,0.000219609,0.000003002316,0.00001437911,0.004795057],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971454,0.0007142326,0.00005417724,0.0002874755,0.00004593393,0.00005923165,0.00001202086,0.00001012379,0.001671424],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4337986,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3094110181","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.116560","title":"Quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater solids in communities with low COVID-19 incidence and prevalence","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","field":"Medicine","cited_by":418,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"RNA; Real-time polymerase chain reaction; Wastewater; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Biology; Medicine; Environmental science; Gene; Environmental engineering; Internal medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2384866992261644,"gpt":0.4348998997225656,"spread":0.1964132004964012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008890763,0.0001227571,0.0004002755,0.0005806317,0.0001092766,0.00004533491,0.0001834607,0.00006065795,0.00005554792],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005107552,0.00008061841,0.00004479292,0.0009867157,0.0005024099,0.000138966,0.000227313,0.0005035216,0.00002032689],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007185397,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001031507,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01127845,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002426808,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998076,0.0004656292,0.0002874379,0.0002685354,0.0005712378,0.0003312107],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989592,0.0003757732,0.00004203568,0.0002981526,0.0002347393,0.00009008321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008759266,0.00005074125,0.1298419,0.0003865566,0.0002275624,0.0001111874,0.04065018,0.00003727011,0.8277143,0.00001081681,0.00002258692,0.00007089332],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001031605,0.0007484037,0.006729318,0.000233252,0.0001283859,0.000007976458,0.007199633,0.02318059,0.9604741,0.00008382412,0.00007268327,0.0001101799],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979132,0.000135222,0.0002312493,0.001170765,0.000007860164,0.0002860613,0.00002109476,0.00003195221,0.0002026073],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980151,0.00002810137,0.0006744844,0.001181296,0.00001640899,0.00002586782,0.00001688831,0.00001557151,0.0000262552],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1327598,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9953055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2076531055","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.026","title":"Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole and related antimicrobial agents by TiO2 photocatalysis","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":408,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Public Health Agency of Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Photocatalysis; Chemistry; Sulfonamide; Radical; Catalysis; Mineralization (soil science); Aqueous solution; Titanium dioxide; Photochemistry; Nuclear chemistry; Organic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Nitrogen","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05445829750928149,"gpt":0.3677864451319957,"spread":0.3133281476227142,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001695846,0.00007514784,0.00009747702,0.00005466991,0.0001030181,0.00001749483,0.0001352357,0.00006070006,0.002254986],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002363244,0.00005373366,0.00002620156,0.00019333,0.000527626,0.000157349,0.0003151226,0.0001709314,0.000671041],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006373528,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001553357,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003121089,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007054726,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986623,0.00009736004,0.0001933711,0.000227553,0.0003984054,0.0004210318],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996532,0.0000246758,0.00002042605,0.0001355901,0.000004938442,0.0001611591],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002999043,0.000121921,0.01556689,0.00001042017,0.000009508331,0.000007251364,0.0002815298,0.000007040413,0.9778882,0.000002838703,0.002106134,0.003968242],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002722536,0.00004185231,0.02813902,0.000007917094,0.000006179334,0.000005934838,0.00004044691,0.00009271847,0.9666041,0.0001127435,0.004606757,0.00007004325],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9891555,0.00001248691,0.00005587641,0.0002875566,0.00002058347,0.0001757159,0.000005732515,0.000008439853,0.01027812],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967853,0.00006373569,0.0001590517,0.00006774194,0.00000588463,7.588122e-7,0.00003400859,0.000008857624,0.002874707],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01257213,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986571,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2083317291","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025","title":"Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":404,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Ontario Clean Water Agency; Public Health Agency of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Biofilm; Backwashing; Filtration (mathematics); Chemistry; Portable water purification; Context (archaeology); Biodegradation; Water treatment; Pollutant; Environmental chemistry; Biofouling; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Membrane; Bacteria; Biology; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1332856528504484,"gpt":0.3739891331490302,"spread":0.2407034802985817,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004670736,0.0003020915,0.0005319964,0.0003058825,0.0001661831,0.00006461257,0.0003710656,0.0003454025,0.000791713],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003608791,0.000137105,0.0001070148,0.0004981865,0.0002992164,0.0001659921,0.0003663533,0.000495099,0.004255299],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006405514,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003767954,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001259105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001480317,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970972,0.0005171048,0.0003505241,0.0007401258,0.0004965517,0.000798504],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994561,0.00003420339,0.00003513456,0.0003523989,0.00002918546,0.00009298314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007663871,0.0009642463,0.002493625,0.003302444,0.00007558756,0.0002088235,0.002781065,0.000007987178,0.002751676,0.000003541584,0.0004857224,0.9868487],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001685693,0.0001680155,0.0001845226,0.0005046304,0.00002078615,0.00003220059,0.00001531054,0.000001849723,0.01303759,0.0001968979,0.9853678,0.0003017831],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.08828647,0.873795,0.000001288003,0.0002178164,0.0001600783,0.003742542,0.00002045921,0.000139424,0.03363693],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01330244,0.9829153,0.00001783969,0.000003841402,0.00006732672,0.00065578,0.0004650301,0.00003122821,0.002541237],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9865469,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.99652,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3006417062","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.115623","title":"Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":400,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks; University of Toronto","funders":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","keywords":"Microplastics; Environmental science; Geography; Ecology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04963701267042761,"gpt":0.2543056073232214,"spread":0.2046685946527938,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001922013,0.0001069973,0.0001063103,0.00004352628,0.0002194435,0.0001185057,0.0001863235,0.00004840913,0.001434899],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003482682,0.00008083361,0.00001991309,0.00009865438,0.0001247984,0.0000683044,0.0008587483,0.0002659009,0.00213134],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009068817,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009712659,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005520737,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1558801,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986883,0.00004900727,0.0001270478,0.0003293137,0.0003494437,0.0004569144],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994836,0.00002608859,0.00001485243,0.0001138032,0.00001389983,0.0003477062],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001070688,0.00003125936,0.7676487,0.00001914096,0.00001135077,0.00008150835,0.01697385,0.0005425661,0.2090372,0.000002969369,0.005115616,0.0004287586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006359651,0.0004413309,0.4320349,0.00004562905,0.00001425361,0.00001572817,0.0005770922,0.001172125,0.0126096,0.0000259694,0.5520728,0.0003546219],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9982113,0.000005066043,0.0006325064,0.0005023234,0.00006971944,0.0001591456,0.00003834974,0.00001774207,0.0003637986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978209,0.000004175214,0.0002610479,0.000181717,0.00008146545,0.000005399692,0.00001169983,0.00001168046,0.001621905],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5469571,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9994779,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3036799325","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.116058","title":"The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to wastewater treatment: A best practice guide and critical review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":400,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","keywords":"Scope (computer science); Life-cycle assessment; Reuse; Sustainability; Sewage treatment; Wastewater; Wastewater reuse; Risk analysis (engineering); Computer science; Environmental planning; Engineering; Management science; Process management; Environmental resource management; Business; Environmental science; Waste management; Production (economics)","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1085969469869372,"gpt":0.4545462513007894,"spread":0.3459493043138522,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001509894,0.0003429254,0.00090729,0.00006511755,0.0003721233,0.0001427506,0.0006024356,0.0001249228,0.0001898992],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003157755,0.0001491376,0.0001814424,0.0003434619,0.0004028479,0.0001674009,0.001087643,0.0003399732,0.002599069],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004393212,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009089017,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005256275,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004075776,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960351,0.001039392,0.0006759347,0.0007044182,0.0009063776,0.000638802],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981673,0.0004333297,0.00008191825,0.0008408311,0.0000525488,0.0004240946],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002954363,0.0005211393,0.00001969601,0.009699333,0.00023459,0.00005646471,0.0003607106,0.000002077383,0.0001768724,0.000145511,0.005262658,0.9834914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001250203,0.0005236279,0.000001238463,0.002645901,0.0003797201,0.00002528658,0.0000480113,0.00001300346,0.00009812081,0.00003805986,0.9959325,0.0001694839],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00006167735,0.9774929,0.000009762073,0.01479237,0.00004232073,0.003063804,0.00002577394,0.00001736321,0.004493991],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001732088,0.9948168,0.0008332186,0.00008950161,0.00008649956,0.001356267,0.00004946688,0.00004743052,0.002547613],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9906698,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9981775,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033667350","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.009","title":"Enhanced reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Environmental remediation with nanomaterials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":394,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Sulfidation; Zerovalent iron; Trichloroethylene; Chemistry; Reaction rate constant; Sulfide; Iron sulfide; Environmental remediation; Reductive dechlorination; Inorganic chemistry; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Nuclear chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Adsorption; Chemical engineering; Kinetics; Contamination; Biodegradation; Organic chemistry; Sulfur","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04028459770525743,"gpt":0.2986065977156317,"spread":0.2583220000103743,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001011623,0.0001139196,0.0001689203,0.0001913246,0.00003430734,0.00002287201,0.0001934774,0.00009355418,0.0001408095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009634842,0.00009230921,0.00002380038,0.0002133173,0.0001025384,0.0001997696,0.00009074969,0.0001297919,0.0002919796],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003452842,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000153598,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004207985,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001999607,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998243,0.0001359424,0.000295975,0.0001989041,0.000740119,0.0003860018],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994325,0.00002419404,0.00002363533,0.0002452457,0.0001313717,0.0001430335],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005744895,0.00005303969,0.00005730306,0.00003998627,0.00001248072,0.000001180771,0.001008294,0.0005259067,0.9951978,0.000008506189,0.002180159,0.0008578627],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006391142,0.0001331245,0.0002550884,0.00001334483,0.000003518566,8.294502e-7,0.000183019,0.0001822872,0.9963532,0.0001480293,0.001986285,0.0001021735],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973203,0.0001576408,0.0005149841,0.00008735937,0.0002887346,0.000354538,0.00002430595,0.00008044769,0.001171707],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982591,0.0001264374,0.000188578,0.000002712211,0.00005922385,0.00008096792,0.0001180693,0.00003584139,0.001129047],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001189462,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.376426,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2033626139","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.036","title":"Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":389,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Chemistry; Nitrosamine; Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products; Environmental chemistry; Chloramine; N-Nitrosodimethylamine; Disinfectant; Chloramination; Contamination; Aquatic environment; Water quality; Carcinogen; Chlorine; Organic chemistry; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02841595085916531,"gpt":0.330449205156123,"spread":0.3020332542969577,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003347033,0.0001034469,0.00009253586,0.00008795393,0.0001928379,0.00005660766,0.00006315341,0.00006586326,0.0006297192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003628631,0.00007205778,0.00002319193,0.000174334,0.0003360128,0.0003267018,0.0001248387,0.0002432747,0.0001984305],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006667041,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008372798,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004925372,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002055315,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987274,0.00007909734,0.0001308367,0.0003131977,0.0004267657,0.0003226733],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999687,0.00001194854,0.00001968467,0.0001296519,0.00005101837,0.000100674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007945859,0.0001232724,0.1688636,0.00004780809,0.00000720199,0.000003429274,0.001670119,0.000008947239,0.8274223,0.000009858933,0.0000284399,0.001735623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000490005,0.0002080514,0.06771263,0.000007995652,0.00001065569,0.00002345743,0.0001404417,0.000111536,0.9305143,0.0001211037,0.0005754171,0.00008443689],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953116,0.00002341023,0.000004167586,0.0003940352,0.00008763936,0.0004025558,0.000004899563,0.00002555488,0.003746106],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983178,0.0000144923,0.00006070589,0.000002684342,0.00009155336,0.00003156377,0.00005083,0.00001125947,0.001419119],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.103092,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6894983,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2030224732","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00492-4","title":"Characterization of naphthenic acids in oil sands wastewaters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Petroleum Processing and Analysis","field":"Chemistry","cited_by":381,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Simon Fraser University; Syncrude; Suncor Energy Incorporated","keywords":"Oil sands; Naphthenic acid; Chemistry; Extraction (chemistry); Mass spectrometry; Gas chromatography; Carbon fibers; Environmental chemistry; Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; Chromatography; Biodegradation; Organic chemistry; Asphalt","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02309382089004234,"gpt":0.273507003494205,"spread":0.2504131826041627,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005251079,0.0001425259,0.0002646979,0.0006415626,0.00009910385,0.00008298448,0.0003637524,0.0001267562,0.002522269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002257171,0.0001072391,0.0001054307,0.0008338617,0.0001569703,0.000153676,0.00007312399,0.0003798385,0.00007849783],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007092724,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001079896,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007611424,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003202278,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997965,0.00008002172,0.0003291414,0.0003405333,0.0006531918,0.0006321584],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994069,0.00001474767,0.00004600382,0.0003469193,0.00008798789,0.00009749298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002252423,0.0001324051,0.01175525,0.0002285361,0.00005187817,0.00001159477,0.0005066225,0.000001097679,0.9841424,0.000001550073,0.000078818,0.003067379],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004749763,0.00002877753,0.0001091559,0.0001141317,0.00001012916,0.000003532805,0.0001158509,0.0007544596,0.9959466,0.00003810935,0.002270551,0.0001337362],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9889308,0.0002395971,0.00001277954,0.0003960188,0.0000121754,0.000005704037,0.00002279518,0.00003554701,0.01034461],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9817668,0.0004195661,0.00004750087,0.000007547304,0.00005153052,0.00001290291,0.0001418458,0.00002603451,0.01752633],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01180424,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983895,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2080214239","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.031","title":"Ozone oxidation of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors and pesticides during drinking water treatment","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":374,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Ozone; Endocrine disruptor; Estriol; Estrone; Pesticide; Endocrine system; Hormone; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07376748506086163,"gpt":0.3838280737006098,"spread":0.3100605886397482,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003134155,0.0001342836,0.0001481239,0.0000606587,0.0001821962,0.0000357112,0.0001206204,0.00003100936,0.001793036],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001660873,0.00007346817,0.00003337519,0.00007342308,0.0003636382,0.0002763009,0.0002452928,0.0001416688,0.0003364563],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001680084,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001811008,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001121235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004149811,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982901,0.00010474,0.000196098,0.0002914939,0.0004507586,0.0006668427],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995692,0.00002444118,0.00001190825,0.0001489105,0.000004889696,0.0002406934],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005464882,0.0002531496,0.03062104,0.00001332361,0.00000940335,0.00003044889,0.0004449518,0.00004645629,0.9629412,0.00001820105,0.000007711775,0.005559412],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005376165,0.0002324055,0.07446484,0.00001641497,0.00001181186,0.00002221253,0.0000328607,0.0001229308,0.922492,0.0005257839,0.001441571,0.00009956136],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965081,0.00004176479,0.00001575437,0.001683537,0.00001892274,0.0002299467,0.0000015445,0.0000183905,0.001482071],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985642,0.0002368071,0.0001327413,0.00006077765,0.00003347771,0.000003533384,0.000009794472,0.000009764518,0.0009488564],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0438438,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991195,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2151661272","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051","title":"Implications of land disturbance on drinking water treatability in a changing climate: Demonstrating the need for “source water supply and protection” strategies","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water resources management and optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":360,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Thompson Rivers University; University of Alberta; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alberta Water Research Institute; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Water Research","keywords":"Disturbance (geology); Environmental science; Water supply; Water treatment; Environmental engineering; Water source; Water resource management; Waste management; Engineering; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.0282893066332636,"gpt":0.2754897604699138,"spread":0.2472004538366502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00124879,0.0001169784,0.0001228234,0.0002964193,0.0003220781,0.0001988613,0.0001656972,0.00006062621,0.000020624],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001127527,0.00005727008,0.00002905583,0.0001467144,0.000105477,0.0001833871,0.0001268982,0.0003126993,0.000005102306],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002507715,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000277229,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008769331,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000269915,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987325,0.00005892054,0.0002169698,0.0002073033,0.0001554152,0.0006288799],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996123,0.00003392257,0.00000999684,0.0002547996,0.00005845077,0.00003055579],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002119164,0.0001184982,0.0649779,0.001120548,0.00006329022,0.000001958039,0.03226968,0.06993533,0.8161452,0.001801344,0.00002788241,0.01332647],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001463421,0.0002168002,0.02276926,0.0001501136,0.00002404457,0.000007257157,0.002850882,0.1378638,0.821223,0.003752458,0.0092277,0.000451245],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9943429,0.000008372203,0.002501546,0.001023463,0.00003627219,0.001065195,0.000005080567,0.00006196286,0.0009552195],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990068,0.000007312155,0.0002551388,0.000006152403,0.00006140791,0.0004630154,0.00004422624,0.00002553831,0.0001303717],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06792848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2477197,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2108068565","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00270-0","title":"Heavy metal removal with mexican clinoptilolite:","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":360,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Clinoptilolite; Chemistry; Zeolite; Ion exchange; Cationic polymerization; Metal; Inorganic chemistry; Ion-exchange resin; Catalysis; Ion; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05810368384644245,"gpt":0.3250160937003995,"spread":0.266912409853957,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001024163,0.0001308266,0.0001313812,0.00009827359,0.0002763557,0.00007133751,0.0003120702,0.00007175392,0.01506013],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001244657,0.00007308736,0.00005885165,0.0004287739,0.0005785268,0.000210242,0.0002690434,0.0003464705,0.009768995],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001397119,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000118012,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003813418,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001885556,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974136,0.0001788989,0.0001805898,0.000397293,0.001073753,0.0007558262],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993591,0.000009610158,0.00001740136,0.0003366364,0.00002422418,0.0002529761],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002048359,0.0007555213,0.04754184,0.00001671384,0.00007802893,0.001765095,0.001972592,0.0001975391,0.8945053,0.001673219,0.01024096,0.03920481],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008353858,0.0005538213,0.007666204,0.00001101399,0.000008924309,0.001154543,0.0003100629,0.0006048225,0.07602848,0.001082279,0.9114102,0.0003342543],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.899355,0.00001143423,0.00007343284,0.001844492,0.00004422845,0.0002050398,0.000004034345,0.00006711573,0.09839524],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9436105,0.00002872162,0.0008752187,0.00018215,0.00009235497,0.00001002139,0.00001208831,0.00001823413,0.05517064],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9011692,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.991002,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2071552394","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.020","title":"Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound—Naproxen, carbamazepine and nonylphenol—on activated carbon","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":359,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Nonylphenol; Adsorption; Naproxen; Chemistry; Carbamazepine; Freundlich equation; Activated carbon; Chromatography; Environmental chemistry; Water treatment; Organic chemistry; Environmental engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.09356082118446091,"gpt":0.3794330762706136,"spread":0.2858722550861527,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004159474,0.0001681935,0.0002256659,0.00007215903,0.0001791991,0.00002684176,0.0001311196,0.00005700263,0.0002917395],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005857251,0.000120432,0.00001622312,0.0002071503,0.000904212,0.000185113,0.0003500598,0.0003970762,0.00003658778],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008603981,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005618294,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003168671,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004987711,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979695,0.0002342738,0.0002453802,0.0003951578,0.0005437951,0.0006118934],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993575,0.00005268303,0.00003434055,0.0001766854,0.00001895339,0.000359888],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001568557,0.0002734976,0.07413956,0.00003611603,0.0000123422,0.00004689855,0.0004598815,0.000005482991,0.9218452,0.000007015652,0.00001225009,0.0030049],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006525699,0.0003857637,0.1925501,0.0000273349,0.000009583922,0.00007395264,0.00003292996,0.003198957,0.8024445,0.00004321514,0.000430328,0.0001508529],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981406,0.000023916,0.000002962536,0.0003321752,0.00002236416,0.0003064022,0.00001291462,0.00002745238,0.001131255],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999227,0.0002986553,0.00008134434,0.00006976067,0.00004956936,0.000005292817,0.00003200053,0.00002210944,0.0002142495],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1194008,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4911073,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2022873041","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.046","title":"Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains of municipal wastewater sludge: Isolation, molecular identification, EPS characterization and performance for sludge settling and dewatering","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":351,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Flocculation; Extracellular polymeric substance; Settling; Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Dewatering; Wastewater; Microorganism; Sewage treatment; Activated sludge; Chromatography; Microbiology; Environmental engineering; Bacteria; Environmental science; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02617475158507015,"gpt":0.2709141416113541,"spread":0.244739390026284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001085387,0.0001795277,0.0001849781,0.0001316235,0.0003660762,0.0001686267,0.0002011363,0.00009055359,0.0001726746],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001912678,0.0001359773,0.00003312923,0.000152131,0.0003268234,0.0005965812,0.0002050257,0.0001752273,0.00001760436],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003148043,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009913713,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001114995,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004385302,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981287,0.0001002049,0.0003745252,0.0005082519,0.0003667991,0.0005215607],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994273,0.00001467671,0.00007527442,0.0003217863,0.00005355991,0.0001073888],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001149869,0.00004115793,0.01965847,0.00008233172,0.00001787739,0.000002758546,0.003893934,0.00001659648,0.9740039,0.00001300309,0.000002077645,0.002152954],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004616896,0.0001201874,0.03409741,0.00002059414,0.00001643118,0.00001578539,0.000115494,0.002536381,0.9619811,0.00005944896,0.000411461,0.0001640704],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986125,0.00006044557,0.0002424353,0.0002063852,0.0001401741,0.0006806804,0.00002378276,0.00002182301,0.00001183778],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965447,0.0000320067,0.002247352,0.000003474564,0.00007349631,0.00007760391,0.0002339372,0.00003290173,0.000754533],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01443893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5544993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2765165962","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.051","title":"Warming and eutrophication combine to restructure diatoms and dinoflagellates","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":346,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Mount Allison University","funders":"National Key Research and Development Program of China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","keywords":"Dinoflagellate; Eutrophication; Diatom; Phytoplankton; Nutrient; Environmental science; Oceanography; Red tide; Ecosystem; Ecology; Algae; Algal bloom; Biology; Geology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04075982033161187,"gpt":0.2980289529617766,"spread":0.2572691326301648,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005459367,0.00005967087,0.00008591951,0.00007577605,0.0006347909,0.000413533,0.0001906104,0.00003673132,0.0002308614],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005153089,0.00003698733,0.000007479769,0.00003216533,0.00009055258,0.0001540505,0.000144522,0.0001367813,0.0001085869],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000001515687,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007264314,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008062074,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003172661,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991695,0.00006372352,0.00008066763,0.0002062969,0.0002033965,0.0002764428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995022,0.00002868245,0.00001366718,0.0002587,0.00004291227,0.000153861],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005485171,0.000003613882,0.8968211,0.00007095816,0.00000905568,0.00002567653,0.0005259232,0.000007416442,0.004015184,0.0001056692,0.0003257874,0.09803474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000184311,0.000140172,0.9744529,0.00002505153,0.000003204184,0.00001613323,0.00009857457,0.00172364,0.005739287,0.003165339,0.01433661,0.0001148244],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990953,0.00009305569,0.000002021132,0.002367402,0.00005438608,0.0001572406,0.000009644934,0.000009562186,0.006353734],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987164,0.00006471596,0.00004823447,0.00002223591,0.00008571107,0.000002515852,0.00001523477,0.00000245472,0.001042552],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09791992,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092404502","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.025","title":"Sludge properties and their effects on membrane fouling in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAnMBRs)","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":343,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph; Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Extracellular polymeric substance; Chemistry; Fouling; Membrane fouling; Filtration (mathematics); Bioreactor; Membrane; Chemical engineering; Biopolymer; Mesophile; Chemical oxygen demand; Anaerobic digestion; Chromatography; Pulp and paper industry; Sewage treatment; Waste management; Polymer; Methane; Biofilm; Organic chemistry; Bacteria","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06163851009264397,"gpt":0.2929396542433088,"spread":0.2313011441506648,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001350779,0.0002168802,0.0002482176,0.0003400469,0.0002070834,0.0000912306,0.0004217338,0.0001499527,0.0002470756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001743654,0.0001265507,0.00003579056,0.0005079394,0.0003395316,0.0002891772,0.0002432297,0.0005467094,0.0004822024],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001560206,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008705023,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003987274,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001690502,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975844,0.0003038233,0.0002454386,0.0005474566,0.0005334014,0.0007854557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993435,0.00005427669,0.00002292708,0.0004557946,0.00001450168,0.0001090399],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001007986,0.00007662651,0.001707016,0.00003700859,0.00000450488,0.00002101843,0.001276574,0.0001446694,0.9856063,0.0000458769,0.0001221081,0.01085757],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004428151,0.0003611159,0.0111874,0.00005207636,0.000001322506,0.000003604695,0.0001817398,0.0003731083,0.9857277,0.0004358357,0.001054708,0.0001785978],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9941791,0.00008510407,0.000002972058,0.002292968,0.00004561039,0.0007070346,0.000001028556,0.0001338616,0.002552303],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987918,0.0001344568,0.00008014889,0.000132088,0.00002354873,0.00005840188,0.000006066162,0.00001864119,0.0007548397],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01067897,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6197897,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3134813985","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2021.117017","title":"CyanoMetDB, a comprehensive public database of secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":334,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"NordForsk; Novo Nordisk; Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö; Universidade de São Paulo; Santen; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Novo Nordisk Fonden; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; European Commission; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Marie Curie","keywords":"Cyanobacteria; Secondary metabolite; Biology; Metadata; World Wide Web; Computer science; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07150262671724915,"gpt":0.3340669411610941,"spread":0.262564314443845,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000428609,0.000145719,0.0003056525,0.0001527415,0.0001271485,0.00007065284,0.0003092448,0.00008837956,0.001094462],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001903775,0.0001111876,0.0001091601,0.0002514427,0.0002153825,0.000009677399,0.0011745,0.0002160611,0.00004542857],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001030875,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001497971,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001323742,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005589492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980856,0.0003416225,0.0002619231,0.0005119632,0.0002815956,0.0005173111],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998363,0.00002674805,0.00003544319,0.0007317536,0.0007200791,0.0001230314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004287697,0.0001055754,0.001801529,0.00003716093,0.0002778706,0.00001094107,0.00007734873,1.180214e-7,0.9947054,0.001064772,0.001029012,0.0008473583],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003933277,0.00005896368,0.002276071,0.000005600791,0.00001136907,0.00000303041,0.0002243807,0.00000172062,0.7667108,0.0007837141,0.2294279,0.0001032008],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9867184,0.008856923,0.0001414783,0.0005559821,0.0001483175,0.0001259545,0.0006835199,0.000006485222,0.002762915],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920594,0.002151021,0.002087807,0.00009006461,0.0002314598,0.00002863104,0.00238255,0.0000235575,0.0009454712],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2283988,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998187,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2158146143","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.033","title":"Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Fecal contamination and water quality","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":326,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; University of Alberta; Health Canada; Public Health Agency of Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada; Wilfrid Laurier University; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Health Canada; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","keywords":"Cryptosporidium; Indicator bacteria; Giardia; Biology; Salmonella; Fecal coliform; Bacteria; Listeria monocytogenes; Tributary; Veterinary medicine; Microbiology; Clostridium perfringens; Pathogenic bacteria; Pathogen; Feces; Ecology; Water quality; Geography","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05313537267989735,"gpt":0.292160952073459,"spread":0.2390255793935616,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003731881,0.0002338951,0.0002582313,0.00007345719,0.0006475771,0.0002979889,0.0003910221,0.0002570335,0.000635145],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008379662,0.0001423319,0.00006620275,0.0002168952,0.0003750522,0.0007641384,0.0002215497,0.0005295177,0.00025979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001299336,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001697538,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001239465,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007709991,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964355,0.0009969934,0.0003819033,0.0006947792,0.0007053745,0.0007854688],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99905,0.00008158872,0.00007277674,0.000284482,0.00005303609,0.0004580937],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004235378,0.0002548879,0.5254058,0.00003351684,0.00002813165,0.00002411633,0.008172082,0.0000751328,0.4631541,0.0001803959,0.001212565,0.001035697],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006601387,0.0004368984,0.9745554,0.000009563821,0.00001111476,0.000011819,0.000392302,0.0004503987,0.02160739,0.000574713,0.001020144,0.000270126],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973423,0.00001562859,0.0000243277,0.001423304,0.00009022639,0.0006936874,0.00005450667,0.0000732484,0.000282711],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976179,0.000007100415,0.0008646536,0.00009764199,0.0001018939,0.00004633608,0.0004862215,0.0000155759,0.0007626779],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4491495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6954392,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2004811156","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.019","title":"Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of adsorption of arsenic onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Arsenic contamination and mitigation","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":324,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Polytechnique Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Arsenic; Adsorption; Chemistry; Endothermic process; Hydrous ferric oxides; Reaction rate constant; Kinetics; Aqueous solution; Ferric; Hydroxide; Inorganic chemistry; Physical chemistry; Organic chemistry; Sorption","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03058012335756659,"gpt":0.2782981772264722,"spread":0.2477180538689056,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004531071,0.00005866417,0.00009778218,0.00008642711,0.00006578365,0.000003847349,0.0001089028,0.0000406562,0.0006781661],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002356969,0.00004420055,0.00002753146,0.0001419811,0.0003635153,0.00009524704,0.0001208339,0.0001037347,0.00009319786],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007282943,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009454675,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009806099,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000302022,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988654,0.0001345669,0.0001649852,0.0001711824,0.0004666224,0.0001972831],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997025,0.00001859952,0.00002859783,0.00017255,0.00002460218,0.0000531422],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001490328,0.00004527118,0.006707468,0.0000132318,0.000003201217,0.000003542156,0.001622466,0.00003082051,0.9890903,0.0003379835,0.00003195481,0.002098852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000618851,0.0002074209,0.4999386,0.00002544162,0.000006639648,0.00002973691,0.0001682428,0.009008056,0.4852704,0.004050128,0.0005648225,0.0001116359],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9887868,0.00003489583,0.0001135117,0.0001136742,0.00001350881,0.000199727,0.000001307465,0.000008397305,0.01072814],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985156,0.00006779366,0.00006310247,0.000008055155,0.000006648687,0.000009001144,0.000007253877,0.000007486329,0.001315068],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5038199,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7425444,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3000690207","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.115514","title":"Oxidation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline for the photo-Fenton process: Their transformation products and toxicity assessment","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":320,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"National Research Foundation of Korea","keywords":"Oxytetracycline; Chemistry; Tetracycline; Toxicity; Nuclear chemistry; Degradation (telecommunications); Hydrogen peroxide; Deprotonation; Ultraviolet; Environmental chemistry; Antibiotics; Biochemistry; Organic chemistry; Materials science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1091319549238943,"gpt":0.3907713115917841,"spread":0.2816393566678899,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008142592,0.00008255045,0.00009660915,0.00001629262,0.000163774,0.00003449722,0.0001172845,0.00003106972,0.0001969551],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006459413,0.00004215828,0.000016002,0.0001163889,0.0003475839,0.000280279,0.0001005222,0.0001618729,0.0000111119],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000250682,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004941135,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002347413,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003706322,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989661,0.000062305,0.0001765949,0.0002149173,0.0003317295,0.0002483407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997007,0.00006597229,0.00002263537,0.00008392068,0.00001271598,0.0001141017],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006565909,0.00009855776,0.001962621,0.0001497973,0.000007906739,3.02724e-7,0.001749942,0.00003989632,0.9798018,0.00001127574,0.00007228179,0.01603997],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004202056,0.0002241007,0.01816455,0.00001173781,0.000008514815,0.00000196064,0.0003148323,0.0126858,0.9654313,0.0003372657,0.002337568,0.0000622114],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9822878,0.00004271105,0.0007272694,0.01564737,0.00001176352,0.0008375116,0.00001610707,0.000007498538,0.0004219435],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991026,0.0002101887,0.0003121638,0.0002511009,0.00003185679,0.00001661821,0.00001660391,0.000007371734,0.00005148014],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01681479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.215652,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2092749152","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00505-4","title":"Treatment methods for the remediation of nitroaromatic explosives","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Environmental remediation with nanomaterials","field":"Engineering","cited_by":318,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Environmental remediation; Explosive material; Environmental science; Hazard; Waste management; Health hazard; Environmental hazard; Environmental planning; Environmental engineering; Contamination; Engineering; Environmental health; Ecology; Geography; Biology; Medicine","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.2274534603482097,"gpt":0.460998874578952,"spread":0.2335454142307423,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001371048,0.0002342115,0.0007687913,0.0002510028,0.0000802811,0.00003850592,0.000320503,0.0001554863,0.0001381397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001221292,0.0001128413,0.000220918,0.0001804268,0.00008701041,0.00006123369,0.00006365247,0.0001226962,0.0001385666],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004099536,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002815428,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008350701,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001160169,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980073,0.0005283845,0.0005689043,0.0001921379,0.0003059909,0.0003973015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985167,0.0008680003,0.00006136554,0.0004656948,0.00003392213,0.0000542683],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003570697,0.00002617839,7.929477e-7,0.006761672,0.0002216768,8.783105e-7,0.000363429,0.00003369255,0.003531174,0.000009496737,0.0001354779,0.988912],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001679428,0.0001037805,0.000001049948,0.0006616715,0.0001844329,0.000003996583,0.00003461085,0.0002635067,0.02746283,0.000134672,0.9708582,0.0001233004],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00007566749,0.9944992,0.002038195,0.00002465089,0.0003012144,0.00283007,0.00003558008,0.00004726895,0.0001481363],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00007036707,0.9920334,0.003729867,7.599779e-7,0.0002226394,0.003072985,0.0001854329,0.00008708177,0.0005974561],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9887887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4601533,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042721530","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.059","title":"Model selection, identification and validation in anaerobic digestion: A review","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","field":"Engineering","cited_by":318,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","keywords":"Anaerobic digestion; Biochemical engineering; Identification (biology); Process (computing); Biogas production; Biogas; Computer science; Selection (genetic algorithm); Process modeling; Field (mathematics); Management science; Risk analysis (engineering); Engineering; Work in process; Machine learning; Ecology; Waste management; Mathematics; Operations management","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1634648466832455,"gpt":0.3755279664953964,"spread":0.212063119812151,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001834769,0.0002215149,0.0005049454,0.0006159282,0.00009192092,0.00007772389,0.0001669434,0.0002195483,0.00009458294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004739414,0.0001662431,0.00007226978,0.000654814,0.00006008955,0.0002548468,0.00005673154,0.000615314,0.0003216317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002406563,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005132246,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002814108,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001550036,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981822,0.0002606815,0.0005485327,0.0004100759,0.0002484373,0.0003500691],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994366,0.00000895064,0.00003810069,0.0002776977,0.0001651992,0.00007346369],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003743313,0.00006433423,0.000007228097,0.04389225,0.00005960204,0.000003304841,0.0002212991,0.0002905327,0.0001249149,0.004146541,0.009911935,0.9412743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005453877,0.00001731352,0.00000623849,0.01176652,0.00006786363,0.00002922843,0.000003579492,0.0004366392,0.0001446718,0.0003257018,0.9869143,0.0002333486],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002862967,0.9978859,0.0002706559,0.00007686932,0.0001188592,0.0009999535,0.00000412767,0.0001331085,0.0004818465],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00043216,0.9970218,0.0001111347,0.00000508141,0.00008542173,0.0003476,0.0002864817,0.00004817126,0.001662164],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9770024,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6779199,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3087448652","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.116433","title":"Electrode passivation, faradaic efficiency, and performance enhancement strategies in electrocoagulation—a review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Advanced oxidation water treatment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":317,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Passivation; Electrocoagulation; Materials science; Electrode; Faraday efficiency; Process engineering; Coagulation; Nanotechnology; Environmental science; Electrochemistry; Environmental engineering; Chemistry; Engineering","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06307019171778393,"gpt":0.3812518003056941,"spread":0.3181816085879101,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009166137,0.0003698504,0.0008275266,0.0001813204,0.0002083131,0.00009988099,0.0004163175,0.0001095892,0.001022653],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003199512,0.0002414802,0.00007452752,0.0008896682,0.0001878474,0.0004030211,0.0003983569,0.0006283912,0.001369254],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001004275,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001128241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000622472,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002769726,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963296,0.0004449569,0.0006759228,0.0008330196,0.0008917357,0.0008247884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992976,0.00004094512,0.0001029036,0.0004041184,0.00002928828,0.0001251447],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009097415,0.00008904214,0.00009561795,0.01045487,0.00002310565,0.00001725368,0.0002176758,0.00003453766,0.0002181757,0.00005197429,0.0004030176,0.9883856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001495665,0.0002551829,0.00007341019,0.005184445,0.00004050416,0.00001604704,0.000007123479,0.0001375512,0.0007274661,0.0002225884,0.9928757,0.0003104233],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005218974,0.9949737,0.0005426253,0.0004831476,0.00001991235,0.002389937,0.000002210203,0.00003199457,0.001034633],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001894231,0.9957747,0.0003630246,0.00005340699,0.00002931339,0.0009196609,0.0001705293,0.00003877938,0.0007563842],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9924726,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998906,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2198506029","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.014","title":"Protein and polysaccharide content of tightly and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances and the development of a granular activated sludge floc","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":291,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs","keywords":"Extracellular polymeric substance; Settling; Chemistry; Dewatering; Activated sludge; Polysaccharide; Chemical engineering; Sequencing batch reactor; Flocculation; Segmented filamentous bacteria; Anoxic waters; Sewage treatment; Biofilm; Chromatography; Environmental engineering; Environmental chemistry; Bacteria; Biochemistry; Organic chemistry; Biology; Environmental science","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.08110718320176175,"gpt":0.2785580907549194,"spread":0.1974509075531576,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001259871,0.0001228959,0.0002102313,0.00006454792,0.0001512223,0.00004470448,0.000142075,0.00004225667,0.0000426077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001345236,0.00006218947,0.00001934737,0.000133031,0.001106395,0.0001412056,0.0002767857,0.0001083267,0.00000931907],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003935367,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002391367,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001010528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009793889,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984151,0.0002099005,0.0002448252,0.0002525564,0.0005503311,0.0003273509],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996082,0.00002358449,0.00004384489,0.000157811,0.00003048911,0.0001361302],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004916688,0.00005685459,0.009472994,0.00002634497,0.00003444297,0.000008693211,0.006960564,2.69191e-7,0.9808295,0.00004934619,0.000007984291,0.002061342],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001689547,0.000126165,0.004779805,0.0000225127,0.00001061081,0.0000101743,0.0007426075,0.00004379174,0.9916172,0.0006103496,0.0002645827,0.00008263432],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996726,0.002275241,0.00001725301,0.0002717934,0.000009886027,0.0006018635,0.00000242188,0.000006160971,0.00008934193],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977316,0.00003020063,0.001207995,0.000003764747,0.000005843265,0.00003897268,0.000002925587,0.000009839002,0.0009688283],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01078772,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4076559,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1989905549","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.008","title":"Athermal microwave effects for enhancing digestibility of waste activated sludge","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","field":"Engineering","cited_by":291,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; BIOCAP Canada","keywords":"Mesophile; Chemistry; Biogas; Anaerobic digestion; Biodegradation; Chemical oxygen demand; Pulp and paper industry; Methane; Activated sludge; Biopolymer; Bioreactor; Food science; Waste management; Sewage treatment; Organic chemistry; Bacteria","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.03136431019781945,"gpt":0.307232143869567,"spread":0.2758678336717476,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002171375,0.00008375075,0.0001153261,0.0001457989,0.00006866905,0.00001530894,0.0001009797,0.0000802935,0.00001794494],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009594504,0.00006205907,0.00004473995,0.0001505993,0.00007199743,0.00008952115,0.00003889735,0.000186628,0.00002806789],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008848471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001008933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002704658,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003202079,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989339,0.00005004379,0.0001819506,0.000175545,0.0002030029,0.0004555771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994877,0.00007592885,0.000009705841,0.0001930694,0.0001648882,0.00006871314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009177004,0.00003217593,0.00008385355,0.0001777423,0.00001603997,0.000001856811,0.0004067604,0.0001484592,0.9912232,0.0002249947,0.0002042955,0.007388873],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002527602,0.0001330361,0.0003959474,0.00003365858,0.000003129047,0.000001721599,0.0000840471,0.00008633416,0.9963973,0.0001224428,0.002418554,0.00007105441],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9901091,0.00004028294,0.008155182,0.00005235675,0.0001979403,0.0004443571,0.000002262894,0.00008393747,0.0009145899],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989534,0.000007201389,0.0003749111,0.000003985152,0.0001385085,0.00001437227,0.00001750382,0.00002076045,0.0004693462],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008844321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2530695,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4205822801","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2022.118047","title":"Advanced oxidation processes in microreactors for water and wastewater treatment: Development, challenges, and opportunities","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Advanced oxidation water treatment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":289,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Canada Foundation for Innovation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland; Government of Canada","keywords":"Microreactor; Wastewater; Sewage treatment; Waste management; Water treatment; Environmental science; Environmental engineering; Environmental planning; Business; Chemistry; Engineering; Catalysis","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.296510452293897,"gpt":0.3873790419103527,"spread":0.09086858961645572,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007254782,0.0004453697,0.0006951593,0.0003636412,0.0003339371,0.00007946518,0.0002279392,0.0001339742,0.0005270663],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001926628,0.0002464919,0.00004979678,0.00008982301,0.0002176577,0.0004215599,0.0006575147,0.0002138331,0.00007075949],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001007834,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006417997,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004401089,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001633422,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971021,0.0002890136,0.0004873438,0.0008940746,0.0004002625,0.0008271898],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993624,0.0001099646,0.00005983776,0.0003004923,0.00001883181,0.0001484781],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003203324,0.000130647,0.0000129466,0.003839744,0.00004924923,0.00002683484,0.007376691,0.000002265083,0.0004021012,0.000005875179,0.000009977659,0.9881116],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005417168,0.0002116836,0.000007044739,0.0004234404,0.00003563137,0.00002341553,0.0003735732,7.937858e-7,0.01126175,0.00016809,0.9866263,0.0003265126],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03208392,0.9637408,0.000002660638,0.0002519196,0.00004864803,0.003315769,0.00003607462,0.00004114068,0.0004790849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.000914456,0.9881191,0.0006392285,0.000006421188,0.00001932877,0.004195666,0.00163117,0.00007948227,0.004395156],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9877851,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2003280048","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.042","title":"Distribution of antidepressant residues in wastewater and biosolids following different treatment processes by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Canada","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":287,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Health Canada","keywords":"Chemistry; Biosolids; Wastewater; Effluent; Sewage treatment; Sorption; Environmental chemistry; Chromatography; Adsorption; Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Organic chemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05736302430997601,"gpt":0.3252779520591715,"spread":0.2679149277491955,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002613463,0.0001951247,0.0002633165,0.00004834218,0.00007238915,0.00001996708,0.0001277164,0.00004750602,0.0001506367],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001036623,0.000106498,0.00002595257,0.0001000901,0.0001595604,0.0002244564,0.0002507376,0.0001107674,0.00002095313],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001321155,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002208589,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.6271817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.3320806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978465,0.000188446,0.0002723416,0.0002840353,0.0004521056,0.0009565971],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995175,0.00004372523,0.00001889858,0.0001731384,0.000001856511,0.0002448768],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006895316,0.0004988876,0.7570621,0.00002668229,0.00001423745,0.00003465974,0.001317449,0.00003072317,0.2403611,3.943342e-7,0.0000484299,0.000536404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007639634,0.0001613817,0.2710264,0.0000546373,0.000005866991,0.000003851496,0.0003645425,0.00006888764,0.7267615,0.00001246279,0.000664932,0.0001116161],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988218,0.0003073352,1.624208e-7,0.0002639899,0.00003399855,0.0003426001,0.00008255154,0.000004074776,0.0001434759],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990388,0.0005086667,0.000005437516,0.000009578187,0.00001156999,0.00002400326,0.0001019746,0.00001228241,0.0002877598],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4864004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6801072,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W1972788193","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00151-3","title":"Comparison of anaerobic dechlorinating enrichment cultures maintained on tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":282,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Dehalococcoides; Vinyl chloride; Enrichment culture; Chemistry; Reductive dechlorination; Electron donor; Environmental chemistry; Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis; Trichloroethylene; Biodegradation; Microbial consortium; Chloroform; Chloride; Microbiology; Bacteria; Microorganism; Organic chemistry; 16S ribosomal RNA; Biochemistry; Biology; Catalysis; Gene","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.07478214817111738,"gpt":0.3568619555112789,"spread":0.2820798073401615,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001736379,0.0002852663,0.000395337,0.0002477754,0.000375834,0.00008769895,0.0005164476,0.0001726008,0.004251455],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001992975,0.0001906724,0.00008202694,0.0005786861,0.000529903,0.0001837792,0.0004747874,0.0005538869,0.000873179],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002748556,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006583034,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004323522,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001692849,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962746,0.0002820602,0.0005978979,0.0006526664,0.001284543,0.0009082505],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989609,0.0001398009,0.0001131453,0.0004301099,0.00007318336,0.0002829051],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003032752,0.0008155196,0.02724501,0.00004602287,0.00003740664,0.00001752109,0.006175895,0.0001808103,0.946376,0.000254151,0.004864129,0.01368423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009452699,0.0008653236,0.01092193,0.00003865546,0.00001136135,0.000005955178,0.0007526462,0.001298489,0.9736484,0.0003236816,0.01088311,0.0003051998],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9900153,0.0001043825,0.00002525901,0.001190004,0.0001280209,0.0005380791,0.00001405357,0.00005524957,0.007929641],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965402,0.0002001205,0.0004910186,0.0001366681,0.00008579857,0.00002408327,0.0000163577,0.00002980816,0.002475942],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02727235,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999048,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2048719803","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00129-3","title":"Road salt contamination of groundwater in a major metropolitan area and development of a biological index to monitor its impact","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Smart Materials for Construction","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":276,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Contamination; Spring (device); Environmental science; Salinity; Aquifer; Groundwater; Hydrology (agriculture); Chloride; Environmental chemistry; Ecology; Chemistry; Geology; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.04846948957502135,"gpt":0.3357449336186872,"spread":0.2872754440436659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008741597,0.00007672844,0.0001478484,0.0001878699,0.00004984462,0.00001787624,0.0001209165,0.00006177781,0.00236449],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002532907,0.00004783826,0.00001527431,0.0001896925,0.0001872287,0.0001154385,0.0001593351,0.00007067996,0.0001745701],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004092054,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009113425,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005581674,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005684686,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987229,0.0001602974,0.0002581516,0.0002005268,0.0003431967,0.0003149206],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997643,0.0000123587,0.00001711154,0.0001063202,0.00002189307,0.00007803379],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002170654,0.00006784969,0.4650546,0.000009594204,0.00000710811,0.000002441602,0.001398588,0.000008609358,0.5173657,0.000003614077,0.00001082097,0.015854],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002403552,0.0001619275,0.6333701,0.00001174617,5.41938e-7,0.000003704309,0.0001481562,0.00003220545,0.3658219,0.00005410035,0.0001085694,0.00004671961],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993374,0.00000514589,0.00001415837,0.0000506749,0.00002055174,0.0003264785,0.000003238408,0.000005369352,0.0002369786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995213,0.000004861956,0.0003541287,0.000003415187,0.000009539095,0.00003520596,0.000006188608,0.000005733658,0.00005969291],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1683155,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985475,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2043742988","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.002","title":"Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: A review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":275,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Okanagan University College; University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Biosolids; Estrone; Sewage treatment; Sewage sludge; Activated sludge; Wastewater; Environmental chemistry; Chemistry; Sewage sludge treatment; Estriol; Pollutant; Sewage; Environmental science; Hormone; Environmental engineering; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.1932706997960569,"gpt":0.4107764723952078,"spread":0.2175057725991508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00109632,0.0002410835,0.0008916491,0.0002079178,0.00002875901,0.00001347506,0.0001458475,0.0001454877,0.0001429679],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000194993,0.0001267079,0.00009627853,0.0002601344,0.0006399435,0.0001641875,0.0004664118,0.0002978026,0.00004463287],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002214794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009283107,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004411888,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002567341,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978498,0.0004017671,0.0005573778,0.0003357481,0.0003420507,0.0005132949],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995614,0.00002825843,0.00005920334,0.0002032956,0.000004380192,0.0001434481],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000042958,0.0004053118,0.002148025,0.0515753,0.0000435212,0.00002423376,0.0003104947,1.293022e-7,0.04513228,0.000003216554,0.000004878505,0.9003097],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000863326,0.001399399,0.001633691,0.06972481,0.0006202203,0.000228412,0.00005895313,0.00006221035,0.5364124,0.00008689948,0.3880655,0.0008440964],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.09972718,0.89896,2.713242e-7,0.00006495308,0.000006234519,0.001045572,0.00001051084,0.00000537255,0.000179926],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1541371,0.845566,0.00003257868,0.000005310148,0.00000831766,0.00004463557,0.000006578986,0.00001744861,0.0001820757],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8994656,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5166997,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2079829378","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.022","title":"Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill wastewater and sludge","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","field":"Engineering","cited_by":273,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Anaerobic digestion; Paper mill; Pulp and paper industry; Wastewater; Waste management; Pulp mill; Sewage treatment; Environmental science; Anaerobic exercise; Mill; Activated sludge; Pulp (tooth); Sewage sludge treatment; Chemistry; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Effluent; Methane; Biology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.05989181764360837,"gpt":0.3257664641085506,"spread":0.2658746464649423,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009898925,0.0002324612,0.0006238529,0.0003622716,0.00007236011,0.0000623298,0.0001246534,0.0002601561,0.00008914045],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002554998,0.0001434212,0.00007079841,0.0001488645,0.0001801556,0.0001223679,0.000129115,0.0004467604,0.00009046147],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004800607,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001292693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003623579,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005767894,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984689,0.0002029455,0.0003460272,0.0003328977,0.0002629303,0.0003862862],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994705,0.00002395647,0.00002397773,0.0002910478,0.00008111291,0.0001094417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009971161,0.00003090056,0.00001187555,0.01981158,0.0001476749,0.000007666671,0.0002938207,0.00001226127,0.003086163,0.001436039,0.003627439,0.9715246],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008872571,0.00006481848,0.00001276959,0.00151751,0.00004719209,0.00002839216,0.00001137538,0.000009022935,0.001008954,0.00007320123,0.9969647,0.000173329],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.002825532,0.9956809,0.00001035662,0.00008153569,0.0001647458,0.0004935893,0.0000102715,0.00007345082,0.0006595846],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.007532558,0.9906542,0.00007757705,0.000003332847,0.0001559026,0.00004283133,0.0001069455,0.0000522317,0.001374419],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9933373,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5848548,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"design_other","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high"}],"label_agreement":"split"},{"id":"W3108398478","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2020.116665","title":"Synergistic fouling behaviors and mechanisms of calcium ions and polyaluminum chloride associated with alginate solution in coagulation-ultrafiltration (UF) process","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":271,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Coagulation; Chemistry; Flocculation; Ultrafiltration (renal); Filtration (mathematics); Chemical engineering; Membrane; DLVO theory; Fouling; Turbidity; Membrane fouling; Calcium; Chromatography; Colloid; Physical chemistry; Organic chemistry; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.06776926788134993,"gpt":0.3285395788121014,"spread":0.2607703109307515,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005197455,0.00007926331,0.0001144267,0.00008918827,0.0001543588,0.00003284635,0.0001004087,0.00007409423,0.00006712616],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001751945,0.0000604581,0.000007398778,0.0003647601,0.0004370213,0.000237245,0.00009340431,0.000181839,0.000008338592],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007493632,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000123735,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004890728,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003015744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988145,0.00007894255,0.0001724848,0.0002584985,0.0004068775,0.0002687567],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997433,0.00003187974,0.00003593663,0.00008661024,0.00003630714,0.000065958],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005368196,0.00003653366,0.02179438,0.0000350793,0.000004226717,0.000005971076,0.002294138,0.001134399,0.9740323,0.0002696539,0.00000581804,0.0003338222],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003600422,0.0002511481,0.04115669,0.00003500819,0.00000732105,0.000001649481,0.000653832,0.01882651,0.9358817,0.002724749,0.000002843996,0.00009850268],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9935401,0.000005601871,0.005178936,0.0007390617,0.000006663762,0.0003299118,0.000004690757,0.00003914335,0.0001558896],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996457,0.000003497347,0.0001993993,0.00001004567,0.000003623589,0.00004197334,0.00002102711,0.000009062897,0.00006566672],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03815059,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.246541,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2116723093","doi":"10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00394-4","title":"Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":270,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Fecal coliform; Clostridium perfringens; Peracetic acid; Effluent; Chemistry; Ozone; Indicator organism; Coliphage; Clostridium; Food science; Wastewater; Microbiology; Environmental chemistry; Hydrogen peroxide; Environmental engineering; Biology; Environmental science; Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Ecology; Biochemistry","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02440158966287746,"gpt":0.2840078736158854,"spread":0.2596062839530079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003601663,0.0001466647,0.0002191319,0.0001087297,0.00009997075,0.00001973397,0.0001036256,0.00006586492,0.001097166],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008267793,0.00008090161,0.00005963855,0.000157892,0.0004818075,0.0001327336,0.0001428813,0.00007368227,0.0001608178],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001590172,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000078904,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003400471,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005157169,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983166,0.0002440927,0.000232864,0.0003142484,0.0004392158,0.0004529226],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999481,0.00001875919,0.00002569805,0.0003602748,0.00001924299,0.00009504447],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001479398,0.0006913776,0.03502184,0.00003765213,0.00002278857,0.00001020738,0.007413573,0.00003429507,0.9559593,0.000004796298,0.00000700589,0.000649295],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009735252,0.001134487,0.01116509,0.00001967435,0.0000172962,0.000007454094,0.0001811462,0.00001402604,0.9857956,0.00009315849,0.0005006394,0.00009787273],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965835,0.0001773933,0.000009488639,0.00006787832,0.00004278598,0.0003875504,0.000003887685,0.000008899149,0.002718681],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.995339,0.0001322294,0.0002627704,0.000002543416,0.00001062154,0.00006822134,0.000007867497,0.00001493704,0.004161775],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0298364,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998159,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2042561872","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.017","title":"Characterization of soluble organic matter of waste activated sludge before and after thermal pretreatment","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":268,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Organic matter; Activated sludge; Characterization (materials science); Natural organic matter; Waste management; Chemistry; Environmental science; Environmental chemistry; Sewage treatment; Environmental engineering; Materials science; Engineering; Organic chemistry; Nanotechnology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01326525528010712,"gpt":0.2391221613700847,"spread":0.2258569060899776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001843341,0.0001047379,0.0001336888,0.00006740184,0.00005572444,0.00001916889,0.00009997361,0.00005306419,0.003451314],"category_scores_gemma":[8.368769e-7,0.00006377706,0.00003103774,0.0001249719,0.0001932868,0.0001739622,0.0002332617,0.00006707721,0.0002423898],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006521664,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004548231,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004820989,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007885779,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988444,0.00008729316,0.0001782367,0.0002105057,0.0003553993,0.0003241651],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997113,0.000004571547,0.00003017821,0.000190996,0.00002010619,0.00004281733],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009800273,0.0001205027,0.2344263,0.00001816673,0.00001555995,0.000006302863,0.000491025,0.000001795398,0.7646414,0.000001047434,0.00002084601,0.000158995],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003116524,0.0001342634,0.2233541,0.00001047145,0.00000806615,0.000002824098,0.00001733992,0.00001685523,0.7759771,0.00006032495,0.00006074397,0.00004625904],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989962,0.000006262564,0.000003037888,0.0001452423,0.00001735586,0.0003040108,0.00001021593,0.000007157378,0.0005105123],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9947988,0.000002284224,0.0001318032,0.000005690427,0.0000210993,0.00002715302,0.00006623604,0.00001734362,0.004929537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01133569,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974597,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W2151584866","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.061","title":"Adaptation and evaluation of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) for use as an effective tool to characterize drinking source water quality","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":266,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia; University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","keywords":"Water quality; Water source; Index (typography); Quality (philosophy); Environmental science; Council of Ministers; Adaptation (eye); Water supply; Water treatment; Environmental engineering; Water resource management; Computer science; Business; Ecology","retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.3172697585058333,"gpt":0.3966404931897213,"spread":0.079370734683888,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01844535,0.0001277009,0.0001951143,0.00004871526,0.0003426222,0.00004723231,0.0003054282,0.00009364606,0.0003979888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001162363,0.00006035497,0.00007463615,0.00006138861,0.000443983,0.0003632992,0.0003706652,0.0001568558,0.00003476499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001354921,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009215964,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1692212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04276839,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939353,0.002663259,0.0004659841,0.0002736142,0.002107797,0.0005539964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989919,0.00008434746,0.00008768846,0.0005386351,0.0001378451,0.0001595992],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000260279,0.0001988363,0.1584991,0.00009190181,0.00004291613,5.824354e-8,0.106386,0.001137972,0.727577,0.0001024639,0.00002154183,0.005681937],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003985946,0.0000934334,0.5720342,0.00001532823,0.00001689657,4.588287e-7,0.0005254145,0.0004249178,0.421636,0.0002812935,0.004482836,0.00009062475],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964898,0.00000229516,0.0001717318,0.001204985,0.00008176414,0.001878337,0.00005389774,0.000003000218,0.0001142274],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990256,6.115085e-7,0.00009483419,0.0001410016,0.00002104951,0.0001862231,0.00002500109,0.00001196548,0.0004936591],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4135351,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9746986,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}