{"meta":{"page":1,"per_page":50,"max_per_page":100,"total":19,"total_is_capped":false,"direct_labels_cover":0,"predictions_cover":19,"direct_label_status":"direct model label, unvalidated","prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated (Codex and Gemma teacher distillation)","score_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline (scores rank; they never assert a category)","snapshot":{"source":"OpenAlex, pinned release, all 482 partitions","release":"2026-06-24","frame_built":"2026-07-12","author_layer_release":"2026-06-26"},"query_hash":"8414bfa0b766","filters":{"venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics"}},"results":[{"id":"W3093227458","doi":"10.5194/wcd-1-541-2020","title":"Stratospheric influence on North Atlantic marine cold air outbreaks following sudden stratospheric warming events","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; European Commission; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Climatology; Polar vortex; Anomaly (physics); North Atlantic oscillation; Advection; Geopotential height; Sudden stratospheric warming; Geology; Arctic; Arctic oscillation; Environmental science; Sea surface temperature; Oceanography; Stratosphere; Geography; Northern Hemisphere; Precipitation; Meteorology","authors":[{"name":"Hilla Afargan‐Gerstman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Iuliia Polkova","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lukas Papritz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Paolo Ruggieri","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin P. King","is_ca":false},{"name":"Panos Athanasiadis","is_ca":false},{"name":"Johanna Baehr","is_ca":false},{"name":"Daniela I. V. Domeisen","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.008734235194687003,"gpt":0.2127004449343267,"spread":0.2039662097396397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001671378,0.0002956,0.0003034158,0.000009056143,0.0002176499,0.00005081396,0.0002641143,0.0001019233,0.0003610117],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002447729,0.0002748342,0.0001106625,0.0002918075,0.00008359619,0.000271476,0.0003737651,0.0002239489,0.000171676],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000121263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001323956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006420643,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001413901,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982011,0.00005039594,0.0003406553,0.0005739974,0.0003203762,0.0005134515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993064,0.00006267,0.00009681911,0.0002779634,0.000007249268,0.0002489332],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004969088,0.0001119863,0.9795493,0.00005876687,0.00002605017,0.00002809825,0.0005235758,0.01720566,0.0008172046,0.0004406889,0.00001141188,0.00117758],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001187167,0.0004559773,0.6958904,0.00007124163,0.0001333446,0.00001106885,0.0007029506,0.2996927,0.00004624899,0.0005121275,0.0004590611,0.0008376287],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9947502,0.000009618537,0.0002324098,0.0002634843,0.00006900217,0.0003103905,0.0000462657,0.0001124041,0.004206216],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981701,0.000122986,0.000551841,0.0009751202,0.00002255407,0.00001765265,0.00004217782,0.00003845517,0.00005915132],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2836588,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999704,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3107683650","doi":"10.5194/wcd-1-731-2020","title":"Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter precipitations and storm track variability in southeast Canada and the northeast United States","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","keywords":"North Atlantic oscillation; Climatology; Storm track; Extratropical cyclone; Precipitation; Storm; Cyclogenesis; Winter storm; Snow; Geology; Environmental science; Geography; Oceanography; Cyclone (programming language); Meteorology","authors":[{"name":"Julien Chartrand","is_ca":true},{"name":"Francesco S. R. Pausata","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007765528650228054,"gpt":0.1967694632790512,"spread":0.1890039346288231,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003442692,0.0001023447,0.0001338526,0.00001110918,0.0001143914,0.00002206452,0.00007569124,0.00002953627,0.00002668999],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007238019,0.00005921894,0.00001895155,0.0001610107,0.0002946601,0.00005983197,0.0001014176,0.0001070725,5.992027e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000715424,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001643258,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1607958,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.860927,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991918,0.0001472592,0.0001941308,0.0001909097,0.0001295243,0.000146393],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994629,0.0002544146,0.00006606871,0.0001436423,0.000008964124,0.0000640097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001003612,0.00002485493,0.9895173,0.00003293821,0.000005545012,1.898129e-7,0.005077504,0.004490619,0.000009075015,0.0006054562,0.000003017971,0.0001331353],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004095904,0.00002556722,0.7171255,0.00001327617,0.00001684357,0.000001226352,0.001166718,0.2807603,4.620373e-7,0.0004025181,0.00002002732,0.00005796277],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971632,0.000004710945,0.00004648008,0.001939694,0.0000207358,0.0002841684,0.0002675227,0.00000586825,0.0002675906],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995977,0.00008290836,0.00001636645,0.0002497411,0.000004333875,0.000004892594,0.00003403176,0.000006774108,0.000003259568],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7001313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8447925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4226277866","doi":"10.5194/wcd-3-139-2022","title":"Twenty-first-century Southern Hemisphere impacts of ozone recovery and climate change from the stratosphere to the ocean","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":34,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung","keywords":"Stratosphere; Ozone depletion; Climatology; Ozone layer; Environmental science; Atmospheric sciences; Southern Hemisphere; Northern Hemisphere; Greenhouse gas; Ozone; Atmospheric circulation; Climate change; Atmosphere (unit); Geology; Oceanography; Geography; Meteorology","authors":[{"name":"Ioana Ivanciu","is_ca":false},{"name":"Katja Matthes","is_ca":false},{"name":"Arne Biastoch","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sebastian Wahl","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jan Harlaß","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009837743125520214,"gpt":0.2061499334874856,"spread":0.1963121903619654,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006371572,0.0002193176,0.000226427,0.00000867058,0.0006422792,0.00007083805,0.0003558402,0.00006266117,0.001625523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001610241,0.0001426067,0.0000771533,0.0001764162,0.000174888,0.0001252963,0.001040253,0.000228512,0.00002970288],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001183912,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007102815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002594711,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007148677,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984509,0.0001173988,0.0002816944,0.0004075652,0.0002995445,0.0004428674],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990808,0.0001692686,0.0001315287,0.0004916082,0.000007462676,0.0001193764],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005231445,0.0004426618,0.9489639,0.000126425,0.00009230657,0.000009360428,0.02805419,0.004580264,0.0007862495,0.001372277,0.000623461,0.01442574],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005443219,0.002185843,0.4878121,0.0004616297,0.0009101762,0.0001394581,0.2022346,0.2488073,0.00009172742,0.01039054,0.03843407,0.003089223],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9926401,0.0005948129,0.0000203723,0.001666689,0.0001333866,0.0005256895,0.003017737,0.00003090014,0.001370359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960487,0.002656924,0.00009947169,0.0009684409,0.00004268633,0.00003962351,0.00007187131,0.00003358764,0.00003869515],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4611518,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992871,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3044966988","doi":"10.5194/wcd-1-481-2020","title":"On the intermittency of orographic gravity wave hotspots and its importance for middle atmosphere dynamics","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Xunta de Galicia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; Univerzita Karlova v Praze","keywords":"Orographic lift; Stratosphere; Hotspot (geology); Gravity wave; Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Environmental science; Northern Hemisphere; Southern Hemisphere; Physics; Atmosphere (unit); Atmospheric model; Drag; Geology; Gravitational wave; Meteorology; Geophysics; Mechanics; Astronomy","authors":[{"name":"Aleš Kuchař","is_ca":false},{"name":"Petr Šácha","is_ca":false},{"name":"Roland Eichinger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christoph Jacobi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Petr Pišoft","is_ca":false},{"name":"Harald E. Rieder","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01305961338689646,"gpt":0.2128870730989931,"spread":0.1998274597120966,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001302063,0.0002786132,0.0003373929,0.000006431896,0.0001775749,0.00005099638,0.0001689857,0.00008098715,0.0001383549],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001246205,0.0002092613,0.000150525,0.0001625241,0.0001134987,0.00009304712,0.0001033184,0.0001953586,0.000002894959],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001850213,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002252981,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003657937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001915577,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988223,0.00003085424,0.0003269062,0.0003630725,0.0001156846,0.0003411421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992288,0.0001500674,0.0001971465,0.0002232254,0.00008490828,0.0001158392],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001840836,0.0001493662,0.09222737,0.0002271046,0.0001408694,0.000002446119,0.0007123319,0.00005629004,0.00007162034,0.8866613,0.00009763462,0.01946958],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001317081,0.0007035966,0.0134451,0.0001061651,0.0001802326,0.000003732494,0.00470635,0.9359027,0.00004205526,0.04281329,0.0002127551,0.0005670078],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9903218,0.0002181645,0.002608886,0.0007675,0.00008742627,0.0005590237,0.0007262701,0.00003291132,0.004678086],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987845,0.000134847,0.0003652828,0.0002980453,0.00006126072,0.00004678974,0.0001153981,0.00004493373,0.0001489175],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9358463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8533426,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4226265878","doi":"10.5194/wcd-2-1303-2021","title":"The role of tropopause polar vortices in the intensification of summer Arctic cyclones","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK","keywords":"Arctic; Cyclone (programming language); Climatology; Cyclogenesis; Extratropical cyclone; Arctic geoengineering; Environmental science; Meteorology; Geology; Arctic ice pack; Oceanography; Geography; Drift ice","authors":[{"name":"Suzanne L. Gray","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin I. Hodges","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jonathan L. Vautrey","is_ca":false},{"name":"John Methven","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00691712583637541,"gpt":0.2087786085384516,"spread":0.2018614827020762,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003870411,0.00008355807,0.0001353386,0.00002291702,0.0001248693,0.00002837297,0.0001583332,0.00003900748,0.0000543669],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006412795,0.00004687044,0.00004108372,0.0001608493,0.0002033116,0.00007826268,0.00001615251,0.0001082203,0.000004314408],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003847751,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002297489,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002014928,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01218668,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991794,0.0001068405,0.0002551393,0.0001239099,0.0001527032,0.0001819794],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992614,0.0003189353,0.0001167378,0.0002086124,0.00007155398,0.00002274901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000347333,0.00002995338,0.9775061,0.00003650492,0.00001633785,0.000003112841,0.001399223,0.00005453709,0.0001027323,0.006713788,0.000001105293,0.01410189],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001587691,0.00005913626,0.8931322,0.00003480997,0.00005180779,0.00003070055,0.03657346,0.06421541,0.00003925701,0.005274068,0.0003431524,0.00008730072],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9958648,0.001409179,0.00004552521,0.0005472566,0.00006532973,0.00007604923,0.00008099374,0.000004359195,0.001906498],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966092,0.003017415,0.000168109,0.0000865001,0.00001286388,8.210596e-7,0.00007269038,0.000003169771,0.00002923832],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08437395,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6800452,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4220677814","doi":"10.5194/wcd-3-251-2022","title":"Characteristics of long-track tropopause polar vortices","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Office of Naval Research; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Vortex; Tropopause; Arctic; Rossby wave; Geology; Polar vortex; Atmospheric sciences; Geography; Meteorology; Oceanography; Stratosphere","authors":[{"name":"Matthew T. Bray","is_ca":false},{"name":"Steven M. Cavallo","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007810427029731291,"gpt":0.2215343530463354,"spread":0.2137239260166041,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003185294,0.0001088321,0.0001719995,0.00002009003,0.0001992904,0.00001830987,0.000160543,0.00003331048,0.002286258],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001115901,0.0001054626,0.00004432443,0.0001027352,0.0001474138,0.0001014239,0.0003880048,0.0001245171,0.00002091481],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009968993,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004822339,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002420811,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002249192,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990357,0.00005730888,0.0002452919,0.000226797,0.0002018588,0.000233049],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995543,0.00003943662,0.0001091259,0.0002314406,0.000004966035,0.00006072162],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006763874,0.0003174082,0.9902407,0.00005952366,0.00001402247,0.00001128853,0.0008652626,0.0006117633,0.001819878,0.002314886,0.00001916049,0.003658503],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005989653,0.0003654375,0.8530989,0.00001214312,0.0001230784,0.00004809716,0.001031609,0.1411808,0.00007081692,0.001534214,0.001510535,0.0004253884],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996181,0.00002885052,0.0001693095,0.000109577,0.00009110486,0.0001187013,0.0004964465,0.00002652885,0.002778489],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991648,0.0002597798,0.0001949768,0.0001095115,0.000008804717,0.00001269937,0.00007089237,0.00001580044,0.0001626939],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.140569,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986258,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4280496420","doi":"10.5194/wcd-3-555-2022","title":"Summertime changes in climate extremes over the peripheral Arctic regions after a sudden sea ice retreat","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; European Commission","keywords":"Arctic ice pack; Sea ice; Climatology; Environmental science; Arctic sea ice decline; Arctic; Precipitation; Arctic geoengineering; Climate change; Atmospheric sciences; Surface air temperature; Antarctic sea ice; Oceanography; Geology; Geography; Meteorology","authors":[{"name":"Steve Delhaye","is_ca":false},{"name":"Thierry Fichefet","is_ca":false},{"name":"François Massonnet","is_ca":false},{"name":"David Docquier","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rym Msadek","is_ca":false},{"name":"Svenya Chripko","is_ca":false},{"name":"Christopher D. Roberts","is_ca":false},{"name":"Sarah Keeley","is_ca":false},{"name":"Retish Senan","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00881440036129023,"gpt":0.2054841134713261,"spread":0.1966697131100359,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004659874,0.0002433215,0.0002406855,0.0000854788,0.0006485192,0.00009558153,0.0002650497,0.00006202156,0.003565087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001272329,0.0001766106,0.00008095364,0.0002917103,0.0001946416,0.0001521261,0.0001369454,0.0003827844,0.00002238021],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005347152,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002791887,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002862312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05234767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982199,0.0001846103,0.0002330198,0.0003863325,0.0003000126,0.0006761279],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993222,0.0001629345,0.00008631888,0.0003114358,0.00001921052,0.00009790203],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001905696,0.00003671881,0.9921111,0.00004412124,0.00002120641,0.00006951446,0.001936467,0.0003850754,0.000001577033,0.0005418041,0.00003725121,0.004624544],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004303991,0.0001543349,0.8030202,0.00003224902,0.00005832328,0.0001222482,0.006993987,0.1864751,1.669693e-7,0.0007125178,0.001695294,0.0003051761],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924598,0.0006431995,0.00002230878,0.002207235,0.0002330182,0.0002647843,0.0007502469,0.00004734908,0.003372114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957736,0.001870323,0.0000928763,0.001390561,0.00006401983,0.0000265427,0.0002722878,0.00001719422,0.0004926115],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1890909,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9973458,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W3125784753","doi":"10.5194/wcd-2-777-2021","title":"Reconstructing winter climate anomalies in the Euro-Atlantic sector using circulation patterns","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Norges Forskningsråd; European Commission; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Tamaki Foundation","keywords":"Climatology; North Atlantic oscillation; Precipitation; Jet stream; Atmospheric circulation; Environmental science; Climate model; Jet (fluid); Geology; Atmospheric sciences; Climate change; Geography; Meteorology; Oceanography","authors":[{"name":"Erica Madonna","is_ca":false},{"name":"David S. Battisti","is_ca":false},{"name":"Camille Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Rachel H. White","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.02128855921713186,"gpt":0.2373684702388008,"spread":0.216079911021669,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004251022,0.000129499,0.000141085,0.0000217123,0.000164557,0.0001030362,0.00008471936,0.00006161071,0.0005766767],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001617736,0.000103937,0.00004757756,0.0001361424,0.00008016459,0.00017887,0.0001657067,0.0001275852,0.00001510028],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001009769,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005446632,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001982318,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001958126,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988866,0.0001294987,0.0002401891,0.0003019813,0.0001266558,0.0003150466],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995914,0.00008370952,0.00006329129,0.000224243,0.000006921648,0.00003049086],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006733042,0.00005026751,0.9949168,0.0000449332,0.00000418122,0.00002188356,0.001353671,0.001413621,0.001075323,0.0005495956,7.968265e-7,0.0005621845],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003058571,0.00001872696,0.3198379,0.00007931434,0.00003424571,0.0002826037,0.003581493,0.6745712,0.0000258541,0.0009988857,0.00003885563,0.0002250745],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965174,0.00001524859,0.0004638296,0.0001404214,0.0001035559,0.000114734,0.00007085481,0.00002055312,0.002553423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989954,0.0001589303,0.0005267648,0.0002248855,0.00002115619,0.000004424674,0.00004752668,0.00001504682,0.000005873972],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6750789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6314206,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410438851","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-549-2025","title":"Temporally and zonally varying atmospheric waveguides – climatologies and connections to quasi-stationary waves","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Atmospheric sciences; Atmospheric wave; Environmental science; Climatology; Meteorology; Physics; Wave propagation; Geology; Gravity wave; Optics","authors":[{"name":"Rachel H. White","is_ca":true},{"name":"Lualawi Mareshet Admasu","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01264046473314947,"gpt":0.2430040795453717,"spread":0.2303636148122223,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001784097,0.0001330828,0.000188182,0.00003313987,0.0004054717,0.0001053492,0.00006162337,0.00006365676,0.0001321551],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005969632,0.0001042529,0.00002143093,0.0001653631,0.0001225777,0.0001304631,0.00003999023,0.00007488744,0.000007259035],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004499693,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001636386,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002041993,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001096742,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999172,0.00005105535,0.0002109666,0.0002704023,0.0000734859,0.0002220452],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993437,0.0003985924,0.00003741436,0.00009374211,0.00003129432,0.00009525781],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000572852,0.00002254515,0.9457281,0.00005829662,0.00003093227,0.000005039684,0.0003100343,0.003027871,0.00001811284,0.02909704,0.00003068284,0.0216141],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002084665,0.0001469072,0.6488151,0.00001911375,0.00002606233,0.00001008051,0.0008922144,0.3315658,4.229414e-7,0.0176165,0.0005560732,0.0001432761],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9799418,0.0009465272,0.001872197,0.001411706,0.00009013693,0.0001814493,0.0001470946,0.00006480172,0.01534427],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9909382,0.0006734986,0.007229923,0.0007886047,0.00001035225,0.000003498872,0.00008533968,0.00000324682,0.0002673573],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3285379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4251311,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4410352557","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-521-2025","title":"Dynamics of stratospheric wave reflection over the North Pacific","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Horizon 2020; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","keywords":"Reflection (computer programming); Geology; Environmental science; Oceanography; Climatology; Remote sensing; Computer science","authors":[{"name":"Michael Schütte","is_ca":false},{"name":"Alice Portal","is_ca":false},{"name":"Simon H. Lee","is_ca":false},{"name":"Gabriele Messori","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007689135825845701,"gpt":0.2162764806034215,"spread":0.2085873447775758,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001609257,0.0001561023,0.0001938325,0.00001294907,0.0002291841,0.00005738619,0.0001258764,0.00007865499,0.0004260077],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006540846,0.0001041518,0.00006565356,0.0003978531,0.0001525284,0.000106214,0.0000227984,0.0001456957,0.00001214606],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001471518,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003088241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006591956,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02229021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990616,0.00004650315,0.000254609,0.0002182709,0.0001374804,0.0002815737],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995088,0.00007740678,0.0001010659,0.0002369295,0.0000331677,0.00004260763],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005213423,0.00002218329,0.9497813,0.00005776581,0.00004239469,0.000003028768,0.0001763187,0.0004504892,0.000003580409,0.005725252,0.00005118901,0.04363437],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001818309,0.00007682829,0.6474662,0.00001813761,0.00005159254,0.000006350175,0.002141981,0.3478465,0.000001844428,0.001785551,0.0003061719,0.0001169792],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.93863,0.0003685986,0.0007331275,0.0002560671,0.0002238532,0.0001440966,0.0002013998,0.00003877312,0.05940402],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973501,0.001364781,0.000263987,0.0001261118,0.00001908361,0.000001619323,0.0001510771,0.000005576937,0.0007176775],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.347396,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9955505,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416298860","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-1419-2025","title":"QBOi El Niño–Southern Oscillation experiments: teleconnections of the QBO","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Korea Meteorological Administration; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Met Office; Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency","keywords":"Teleconnection; Arctic oscillation; Quasi-biennial oscillation; Oscillation (cell signaling); Precipitation; Polar vortex; El Niño Southern Oscillation","authors":[{"name":"Hiroaki Naoe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jorge L. García‐Franco","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chang‐Hyun Park","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mario Rodrigo","is_ca":false},{"name":"Froila M. Palmeiro","is_ca":false},{"name":"Federico Serva","is_ca":false},{"name":"Masakazu Taguchi","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kohei Yoshida","is_ca":false},{"name":"James Anstey","is_ca":true},{"name":"Javier García‐Serrano","is_ca":false},{"name":"Seok‐Woo Son","is_ca":false},{"name":"Yoshio Kawatani","is_ca":false},{"name":"Neal Butchart","is_ca":false},{"name":"Kevin Hamilton","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chih‐Chieh Chen","is_ca":false},{"name":"Anne A. Glanville","is_ca":false},{"name":"Tobias Kerzenmacher","is_ca":false},{"name":"François Lott","is_ca":false},{"name":"Clara Orbe","is_ca":false},{"name":"Scott Osprey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Mijeong Park","is_ca":false},{"name":"Jadwiga H. Richter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stefan Versick","is_ca":false},{"name":"Shingo Watanabe","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.007478516927193817,"gpt":0.2416888283100176,"spread":0.2342103113828238,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001611717,0.0000876852,0.00009988705,0.00001768825,0.0001830551,0.00001703235,0.0001166763,0.0000598823,0.0003904379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000142888,0.00006404721,0.00005268833,0.0001552615,0.000152124,0.00006399007,0.0001770142,0.00006295445,0.00002081479],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009170784,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006104185,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003651611,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006951882,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993654,0.00003616279,0.0001723722,0.0001839703,0.00009254131,0.0001495251],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999635,0.00003403054,0.00005235365,0.0002488083,0.000006972273,0.00002287927],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005285073,0.0003612091,0.9090932,0.00007707586,0.00005113096,3.210638e-7,0.004566489,0.006069982,0.01675041,0.05803305,0.0001516709,0.0047926],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001657117,0.0001177025,0.228125,0.0001521517,0.000195304,0.000009151669,0.01033365,0.6969416,0.001242248,0.0567815,0.003810946,0.0006336677],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9464532,0.00003012272,0.0006637762,0.0003664235,0.0001356633,0.0001694721,0.00007542429,0.00002300678,0.05208295],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987172,0.00007829146,0.0001267807,0.0001387255,0.000005894878,0.00001238561,0.000006100598,0.000007135031,0.00090751],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6908715,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4275022,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4394006543","doi":"10.5194/wcd-5-491-2024","title":"Influence of radiosonde observations on the sharpness and altitude of the midlatitude tropopause in the ECMWF IFS","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Environment and Climate Change Canada; Universität Wien; Met Office","keywords":"Radiosonde; Tropopause; Middle latitudes; Altitude (triangle); Meteorology; Environmental science; Atmospheric sciences; Climatology; Geology; Geography; Mathematics; Stratosphere","authors":[{"name":"Konstantin Krüger","is_ca":false},{"name":"Andreas Schäfler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Martin Weißmann","is_ca":false},{"name":"George C. Craig","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01234356525683061,"gpt":0.2175737679996754,"spread":0.2052302027428448,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003425987,0.0001023051,0.0001258195,0.000009947258,0.0001244235,0.00004964802,0.0002444827,0.00004022343,0.0000563355],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002169386,0.00004540986,0.00003560192,0.0002604791,0.0002046604,0.0001021427,0.00002315893,0.0001429529,0.000003705944],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000003977565,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000020474,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007222301,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004355011,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992577,0.00007922982,0.0002000942,0.0001423241,0.0001640173,0.0001566432],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993685,0.0003217802,0.00005528736,0.0002205347,0.00001456982,0.00001932297],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000196628,0.00002354218,0.9706287,0.00009823171,0.00002310692,0.000003761087,0.00248259,0.006276457,0.0000766118,0.01883416,0.0000191199,0.001514046],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008996719,0.0000529892,0.9302984,0.00009402021,0.00002895432,0.000007182339,0.001256725,0.06664789,0.000008531278,0.001288235,0.0001639306,0.00006316813],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9963279,0.0007844574,0.000008581426,0.001199455,0.00004835673,0.0001729128,0.0001584873,0.000009108023,0.001290713],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983841,0.001164062,0.00005583691,0.0003301805,0.00001145702,0.000002834323,0.00001071864,0.000003899093,0.00003692026],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06037144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2430198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4411717478","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-695-2025","title":"Environments and lifting mechanisms of cold-frontal convective cells during the warm season in Germany","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Convection; Meteorology; Environmental science; Atmospheric sciences; Geology; Geography","authors":[{"name":"George Pacey","is_ca":false},{"name":"Stephan Pfahl","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lisa Schielicke","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.004570009806005743,"gpt":0.1903157553476952,"spread":0.1857457455416895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001517736,0.00006874015,0.0001085083,0.00002684329,0.0001134507,0.0000162981,0.00005403539,0.00003819756,0.00007690626],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005541775,0.00004632523,0.00001576389,0.00005656367,0.00006434711,0.00004371662,0.00002363305,0.00006994898,0.000002868369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00000635888,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003652136,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001099118,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005775439,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995093,0.00004429158,0.0001212826,0.0001271858,0.00005860613,0.0001393318],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997445,0.0001261972,0.00003566021,0.00006425535,0.00000297993,0.00002644106],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006550632,0.00003327031,0.9789982,0.00005547815,0.0000259422,0.000004966246,0.0008260765,0.003953885,0.004646591,0.009335756,5.206371e-7,0.002053844],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003272581,0.00004240601,0.81675,0.00001393968,0.00001376894,8.676681e-7,0.0008178816,0.1789014,0.0002397216,0.002796145,0.00003062461,0.00006603763],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953479,0.0001734192,0.0002843518,0.0000407758,0.00004510862,0.0001288861,0.00007685812,0.000005078888,0.00389758],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994872,0.0001744756,0.00008653312,0.00006671932,0.00000379476,0.000001088159,0.000007783271,0.000001478545,0.000170925],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1749475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1889088,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4417147787","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-1743-2025","title":"Precipitation, moisture sources and transport pathways associated with summertime North Atlantic deep cyclones","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","keywords":"Extratropical cyclone; Cyclone (programming language); Moisture; Context (archaeology); Precipitation; Middle latitudes; Warm front","authors":[{"name":"Rikke Stoffels","is_ca":false},{"name":"Imme Benedict","is_ca":false},{"name":"Lukas Papritz","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frank Selten","is_ca":false},{"name":"Chris Weijenborg","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.00556757059199786,"gpt":0.1907570569443322,"spread":0.1851894863523343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001662654,0.0001682037,0.000192235,0.00002660219,0.0002187601,0.00003693021,0.00008487127,0.00008870917,0.00006603647],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001260202,0.0001318646,0.00002907183,0.0001668717,0.0002074007,0.0001267856,0.00005519103,0.00009868326,0.000004951088],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006210602,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006799856,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004236326,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02695597,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990698,0.00003455674,0.0001815454,0.0003261719,0.0001291232,0.0002587965],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996471,0.00007658882,0.00005479833,0.0001465125,0.00001143045,0.00006360275],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004056712,0.00009122954,0.9953467,0.00003750998,0.00003100306,0.000003165105,0.001576199,0.001378347,0.00006620807,0.0007905535,0.000005334148,0.0006331478],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004317189,0.00005707637,0.940898,0.00004340243,0.0001010406,0.000002888884,0.000428304,0.05673785,0.000003687843,0.00104191,0.00007453887,0.0001795553],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9950576,0.00006241062,0.0008690506,0.0001733324,0.00002563541,0.0002064105,0.0000789367,0.0000611947,0.003465391],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989998,0.0003095729,0.0001837873,0.0001459773,0.000004106063,0.00001690338,0.000161202,0.00001364795,0.0001649546],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0553595,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9907995,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4405012388","doi":"10.5194/wcd-5-1473-2024","title":"Concurrent Bering Sea and Labrador Sea ice melt extremes in March 2023: a confluence of meteorological events aligned with stratosphere–troposphere interactions","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program; Natural Environment Research Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Troposphere; Sea ice; Climatology; Arctic ice pack; Stratosphere; Arctic; Arctic sea ice decline; Geology; Lead (geology); Drift ice; Anticyclone; Environmental science; Oceanography; Atmospheric sciences","authors":[{"name":"Thomas J. Ballinger","is_ca":false},{"name":"G. W. K. Moore","is_ca":true},{"name":"Qinghua Ding","is_ca":false},{"name":"Amy H. Butler","is_ca":false},{"name":"James E. Overland","is_ca":false},{"name":"Richard Thoman","is_ca":false},{"name":"Ian Baxter","is_ca":false},{"name":"Zhe Li","is_ca":false},{"name":"Edward Hanna","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.009774705701022532,"gpt":0.2388391948427074,"spread":0.2290644891416848,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001926905,0.0001848938,0.0002495461,0.00003843178,0.00009011222,0.00006040231,0.00009645986,0.00006621067,0.0005892064],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009877904,0.0001344904,0.00003575697,0.0001862322,0.0001977365,0.0002220251,0.00003506334,0.000184945,0.00000862084],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001391467,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004182212,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002130235,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01646724,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988745,0.00006516773,0.000252324,0.0003286936,0.0001702684,0.000308993],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995029,0.0002085711,0.00005449822,0.000106138,0.00002976076,0.00009813451],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001115341,0.00004855714,0.9343902,0.0003700936,0.00008558299,0.00007275148,0.0005936464,0.0004653042,0.00004941082,0.002208698,0.000006713636,0.06159743],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004733316,0.000354544,0.4139261,0.0003606507,0.00008794648,0.0001337611,0.004148824,0.5794561,0.000006312888,0.0005610897,0.0002164282,0.0002749155],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953998,0.0009420472,0.0006945416,0.0002183432,0.0001227816,0.0001806174,0.0005651785,0.00003158289,0.001845089],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977063,0.001252415,0.0007386712,0.00004940948,0.00001652392,0.000003142775,0.0001145155,0.000007964814,0.0001110705],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5789908,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9189108,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416089091","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-1379-2025","title":"The impacts of climate change on tropical-to-extratropical transitions in the North Atlantic Basin","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Extratropical cyclone; Climate change; Storm; Tropical cyclone; Middle latitudes; Atlantic hurricane; Storm track; Baroclinity","authors":[{"name":"Aude Garin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Francesco S. R. Pausata","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mathieu Boudreault","is_ca":true},{"name":"Roberto Ingrosso","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01369607035300933,"gpt":0.2542675113658625,"spread":0.2405714410128531,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001372703,0.0001402667,0.000198849,0.0000755396,0.0003001755,0.00009118728,0.000293014,0.00006729034,0.00004689646],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003127304,0.00007015695,0.00007854245,0.000428247,0.000176154,0.00005629327,0.00002089161,0.000277959,0.00003095788],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008405974,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001616534,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00154456,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09833276,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985762,0.0001784699,0.0002670067,0.0002184664,0.0002391547,0.0005206693],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992692,0.0003537005,0.00002623023,0.0002305327,0.00001971091,0.0001005901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002232893,0.00005278259,0.9442639,0.000040001,0.000008195373,0.000009774515,0.0002046305,0.00003992484,0.000002831972,0.03210513,0.0000125629,0.023037],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002681773,0.0003034847,0.9891772,0.00004536015,0.00001432655,0.000003811562,0.0003291888,0.008261063,6.457159e-7,0.0007940429,0.0007219889,0.00008076701],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9871011,0.000196566,0.0000804349,0.009500327,0.00007678613,0.0003380195,0.0001843143,0.00001400782,0.00250849],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968773,0.002023058,0.00005351392,0.0009399437,0.00004637448,0.00001016276,0.00003921533,0.000003353098,0.000007114917],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0967882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9181203,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4416990894","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-1661-2025","title":"Signal, noise and skill in sub-seasonal forecasts: the role of teleconnections","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true},"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Academy of Finland","keywords":"Teleconnection; Predictability; Northern Hemisphere; Forecast skill; Relaxation (psychology); Ensemble average; Sea surface temperature; Noise (video)","authors":[{"name":"Alexey Yu. Karpechko","is_ca":false},{"name":"Amy H. Butler","is_ca":false},{"name":"Frédéric Vitart","is_ca":false}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003847234448164696,"gpt":0.2060492053138096,"spread":0.2022019708656449,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002412208,0.00007883098,0.0001057389,0.00001964623,0.0000979228,0.00001848318,0.00007499427,0.00004877712,0.0001346783],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001195772,0.00005878592,0.00002605088,0.0001381136,0.0001929927,0.0000725393,0.0001376415,0.00008072356,0.000004222028],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000542951,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005928932,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002959909,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003334346,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994339,0.00003002552,0.0001437196,0.0001707176,0.00006167519,0.0001600089],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999709,0.0001091282,0.0000287518,0.0001218104,0.000004522187,0.00002683241],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005308062,0.0002071175,0.9401963,0.00004075528,0.00001521846,7.933955e-7,0.0009945488,0.001696345,0.00338377,0.02204042,0.0000269416,0.03134467],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000492466,0.00006049458,0.250255,0.00004838681,0.00003784658,0.000007475464,0.001706884,0.7066805,0.0002464021,0.03927179,0.001030826,0.0001618855],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9864846,0.0001930402,0.000174613,0.0002401059,0.00002058988,0.0001399176,0.00007001405,0.000009242672,0.01266782],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999041,0.0006981536,0.00008252646,0.00008934655,0.000003261495,0.00001542474,0.000006744274,0.000004959759,0.00005862385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7049841,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.239722,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4221138587","doi":"10.5194/wcd-3-1311-2022","title":"A climate-change attribution retrospective of some impactful weather extremes of 2021","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"Impact","funders":"H2020 European Research Council; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; European Commission","keywords":"Attribution; Climate change; Climatology; Environmental science; Meteorology; Psychology; Geography; Social psychology; Geology","authors":[{"name":"Stella Bourdin","is_ca":true},{"name":"Mireia Ginesta","is_ca":true},{"name":"Meriem Krouma","is_ca":true},{"name":"Robin Noyelle","is_ca":false},{"name":"Flavio Pons","is_ca":true},{"name":"Pascal Yiou","is_ca":true},{"name":"Gabriele Messori","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.01643317522263153,"gpt":0.2365993635823327,"spread":0.2201661883597012,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006229223,0.0001716015,0.0003223968,0.00004885631,0.0001964249,0.00001134867,0.0001658098,0.00006939763,0.003388575],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001292918,0.0001633593,0.0001146412,0.0002240449,0.0002185136,0.0002314384,0.0005696143,0.0001521031,0.00001304897],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003227488,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006536596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004019492,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001741891,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985291,0.00009534296,0.0003374481,0.0003417204,0.0003248987,0.0003714864],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993524,0.00004382698,0.0002027944,0.0003166313,0.00001591334,0.00006841608],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002231638,0.0006244244,0.9492259,0.0001035208,0.00003562983,0.000004709484,0.003708303,0.0006073412,0.007721411,0.03281042,0.00003126219,0.004903899],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00238905,0.001494675,0.777621,0.0001094167,0.0002694143,0.000046477,0.006925642,0.1840784,0.0007110504,0.02455227,0.0008276945,0.000974972],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9940907,0.0001531437,0.0001273559,0.0001549013,0.00009966341,0.0003206477,0.001677472,0.00002092277,0.003355176],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985846,0.0009830496,0.0001495093,0.00005624408,0.00001978487,0.000052088,0.00007602789,0.00002225268,0.00005649204],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.183471,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9975225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null},{"id":"W4415357494","doi":"10.5194/wcd-6-1119-2025","title":"The role of topography, land and sea surface temperature on quasi-stationary waves in Northern Hemisphere winter: insights from CAM6 simulations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Weather and Climate Dynamics","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false},"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Rossby wave; Wavenumber; Eddy; Northern Hemisphere; Amplitude; Zonal and meridional; Transient (computer programming); Baroclinity; Subsidence","authors":[{"name":"Cuiyi Fei","is_ca":true},{"name":"Rachel H. White","is_ca":true}],"retraction":null,"screen_n_in":null,"score":{"opus":0.003440390927712471,"gpt":0.2102707738047038,"spread":0.2068303828769913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline"},"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007088843,0.000099889,0.000113133,0.00001449985,0.000160561,0.00002922368,0.00007602443,0.00006942789,0.00002189341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008978572,0.0000709946,0.00002537271,0.0001165975,0.0001456104,0.00006794591,0.00008192248,0.00009490918,0.000001486307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005474015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008679403,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001492327,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07877935,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993907,0.00004414741,0.0001583254,0.0001982024,0.000083436,0.0001252074],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995262,0.0002428077,0.00003378486,0.0001615185,0.000007661868,0.00002800705],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004975311,0.00008840726,0.9808635,0.00001121936,0.00001169277,4.961809e-7,0.001034988,0.01436489,0.001185615,0.001354899,0.000001833932,0.001032723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004728763,0.0000573955,0.63031,0.00007423158,0.00002224302,5.137452e-7,0.002352471,0.3418018,0.0001131499,0.02436845,0.0002770278,0.0001498178],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951451,0.0002470403,0.00001179408,0.0001941777,0.00002714051,0.000133814,0.0002424559,0.000009456699,0.003988953],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994384,0.0003285719,0.00005916235,0.00005086392,0.000003796296,0.000002970983,0.00005964778,0.000006185881,0.00005041567],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3505535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9380305,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"labels":[],"label_agreement":null}]}