{"id":"W1142058392","doi":"","title":"Certification : the procedure, its role in class action proceedings in Ontario and the proposed South African certification procedure","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa","topic":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Legislation; Certification; Class action; Class (philosophy); Commission; Political science; Action (physics); Law; Law and economics; Economic Justice; Public administration; Business; Computer science; Sociology; State (computer science)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004091399,0.0001302654,0.0001791641,0.0001549397,0.0002213238,0.0003372805,0.0002209436,0.00004630053,0.0001976931],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004069963,0.00007687505,0.00004518083,0.0002978137,0.0001705177,0.0007766041,0.00002890452,0.0003274779,0.00003641507],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001107273,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004830183,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001023104,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01574503,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989948,0.00002201136,0.000420973,0.0001692771,0.0002588824,0.0001340601],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991344,0.00003403475,0.0004026809,0.00005647249,0.0003559042,0.0000165001],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00724771,0.001437102,0.05013892,0.0001511159,0.0003760754,0.000004909863,0.0988233,0.00116316,0.002988693,0.8176754,0.002563588,0.01743005],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00439534,0.00006302191,0.1567721,0.0002453336,0.0001155737,0.00004995704,0.06147876,0.03473106,0.000146907,0.02056677,0.7210445,0.0003906228],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8112328,0.0003457681,0.00001675581,0.009517634,0.00009130772,0.0005138786,0.000004476242,0.00001454306,0.1782628],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978415,0.00004076902,0.00001056037,0.0002253259,0.0001764898,0.00003054331,0.000004859688,0.000008114096,0.001661829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7971086,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8786097,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05664111418784133,"score_gpt":0.2577674164474325,"score_spread":0.2011263022595911,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}