{"id":"W1179342216","doi":"10.1007/s13399-015-0170-x","title":"Fuel property enhancement of lignocellulosic and nonlignocellulosic biomass through torrefaction","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Willow; Poultry litter; Heat of combustion; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Raw material; Lignocellulosic biomass; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Litter; Solid fuel; Environmental science; Agronomy; Lignin; Botany; Nutrient; Organic chemistry; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001490535,0.000296905,0.0003206369,0.000137876,0.00004714389,0.00003344685,0.0001432585,0.0002177191,0.00007258408],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002336439,0.0002122471,0.00005730251,0.0003226221,0.0002275703,0.0002843488,0.0001350627,0.00009199375,0.00003720799],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007461754,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004113455,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008366466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002337167,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986833,0.00002740989,0.0003547672,0.0003630343,0.0002910304,0.0002804177],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992962,0.00004146433,0.00009818978,0.0002212389,0.0001138631,0.000228967],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007921187,0.00006144687,0.001299272,0.0007809958,0.00005270227,0.000006404317,0.0002327846,1.23659e-7,0.9898599,0.00003823057,0.004560392,0.003028582],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00106366,0.0001859754,0.0001497756,0.00007642103,0.00004603713,0.00001340428,0.0003379017,0.0003512958,0.9762092,0.0001128197,0.02112198,0.0003314936],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9927739,0.003981777,0.0002113214,0.0002940077,0.0005463322,0.0002160413,0.00002209357,0.0002160049,0.001738549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998175,0.0007453784,0.0005509606,0.00006645627,0.00005597198,0.00001060772,0.00003210019,0.00002992045,0.0003335627],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01656159,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8655184,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02323785890355769,"score_gpt":0.2142950783229322,"score_spread":0.1910572194193745,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}