{"id":"W135481597","doi":"10.2166/wqrj.2003.011","title":"Sulfate Removal from Water","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Quality Research Journal","topic":"Mine drainage and remediation techniques","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":46,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Nanofiltration; Sulfate; Electrodialysis; Chemistry; Ion exchange; Water treatment; Environmental chemistry; Environmental engineering; Waste management; Environmental science; Membrane; Ion; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.008919613,0.0001119528,0.0001495259,0.00008790498,0.0005019651,0.0001936984,0.0003684569,0.00009279139,0.02584163],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002147709,0.00005777156,0.0001116999,0.0001049845,0.0002650929,0.0003339253,0.000211611,0.0007263193,0.003684689],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001854908,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001461409,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005346502,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003982626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957199,0.001656431,0.0003935226,0.0002608777,0.001208525,0.0007607241],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992582,0.00007225985,0.00003286331,0.0003006863,0.00006017369,0.0002758241],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003842554,0.00009915054,0.002882485,0.000004942785,0.00002204397,0.0002214757,0.003016639,0.00001059388,0.9736485,0.0002668887,0.01702595,0.002762899],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002579416,0.00004735061,0.0005955185,0.000005913027,0.000002557267,0.00008222834,0.0002327739,0.000008239768,0.7171444,0.04393298,0.2375708,0.0001192532],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9643057,0.00003686622,0.001073094,0.0023663,0.0001325603,0.0001336856,0.000003835706,0.00003690038,0.03191108],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9868867,0.00006968888,0.002734689,0.0001804437,0.0001952105,0.000007312873,0.00001522334,0.00001576246,0.009894977],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2565041,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9970911,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09671584846925643,"score_gpt":0.38377369791932,"score_spread":0.2870578494500635,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}