{"id":"W139607991","doi":"10.1533/9780857093783.1.3","title":"Characterization and preparation of biomass, oil shale and coal-based feedstocks","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Raw material; Coal; Waste management; Oil shale; Liquefaction; Slurry; Environmental science; Pyrolysis; Biomass (ecology); Combustion; Coal combustion products; Engineering; Environmental engineering; Geology; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007588701,0.0002174077,0.0002673472,0.0001352147,0.00004902605,0.00003278438,0.00005078274,0.0002072404,0.00005870168],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004896252,0.0002304474,0.00003757067,0.000008410662,0.00007387375,0.00006228391,0.00002631967,0.0001294541,0.000004587994],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002080832,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002765098,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.75627e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008508959,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993197,0.000007706448,0.0002811775,0.0001853889,0.0001077731,0.0000982057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996003,0.00001784974,0.000114538,0.0001527295,0.0000534609,0.00006111427],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001730009,0.000002913604,0.00001934556,0.0007710103,0.00002712354,0.000001501958,0.0002493399,0.000003207214,0.006313843,0.0004370414,0.000005026774,0.9921523],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000924148,0.0001691009,0.0006538439,0.001996971,0.0002627538,0.0000230419,0.00000778974,0.005919036,0.01426178,0.001612646,0.9731132,0.001055739],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.01271273,0.001147594,0.0009275733,0.000008755875,0.0001712648,0.0001760153,0.00004158414,0.0001587238,0.9846557],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3372077,0.0002490339,0.0001936248,0.00004183084,0.00008167503,0.00002008168,0.0001381913,0.00008576004,0.6619821],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9910966,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9397371,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01559704792273615,"score_gpt":0.2181478445649704,"score_spread":0.2025507966422342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}