{"id":"W1493619021","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1504033112","title":"A century of sprawl in the United States","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":206,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Urban sprawl; Geography; Street network; Public transport; Economic geography; Government (linguistics); Cartography; Urban planning; Transport engineering; Engineering; Civil engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000466657,0.0001817101,0.0001886843,0.0008963652,0.001105744,0.001660674,0.0003076278,0.0005188012,0.002529493],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001879092,0.0001677856,0.0002247155,0.002389228,0.0007228098,0.001677364,0.001733059,0.001335888,0.0002528216],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001426507,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009448756,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1221151,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1830146,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996638,0.00005614583,0.00003183486,0.0001106586,0.00008159064,0.00005591344],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993475,0.00008050822,0.0001708955,0.00007421421,0.0001762613,0.000150445],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002035851,0.0001296818,0.5087177,0.0004153856,0.0002727161,0.0008129768,0.01979115,0.003493222,0.0008876868,0.03599262,0.1395747,0.2897086],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001200176,0.00007310702,0.7293476,0.0006041416,0.00006636327,0.0003140714,0.01309715,0.002119533,0.0003337007,0.01104978,0.2429263,0.00005626036],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8851201,0.01440039,0.003002237,0.03027041,0.0009199996,0.00003058029,0.01649401,0.0002066481,0.04955565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9842367,0.004415489,0.001188625,0.002332056,0.0002105052,0.00003323092,0.004870136,0.00004452701,0.002668621],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1221151,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2428086,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08620527947340104,"score_gpt":0.3583092935420373,"score_spread":0.2721040140686363,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}