{"id":"W1494166607","doi":"10.1023/a:1024803611758","title":"Private Versus Public Charity: Reassessing Crowding Out from the Supply Side","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Public Choice","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Public finance; Government (linguistics); Phenomenon; Consumption (sociology); Public economics; Crowding out; Economics; Business; Sociology; Monetary economics; Social science; Macroeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001088971,0.0002565574,0.000414255,0.0001710425,0.000479054,0.001064825,0.0006954759,0.0001692117,0.0007147433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003374474,0.0002529891,0.0001729696,0.0003385477,0.0001257961,0.001315652,0.0001469738,0.0004092714,0.001340656],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002605113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007568951,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006939319,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004300349,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977617,0.00006297103,0.0006837838,0.0006419417,0.00005907998,0.0007905363],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978811,0.0007013308,0.0003874253,0.0007568754,0.00003338356,0.0002398674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000008768203,0.00008641051,0.2431065,0.000009743025,0.0001221012,0.000001822679,0.0003556056,0.000001527019,0.00002310932,0.7487205,0.005967642,0.001596296],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001161347,0.00001897901,0.1338334,0.000009160212,0.000008499464,0.000002747431,0.00008862549,0.0004031732,0.00007777672,0.08790153,0.7761196,0.0003751145],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5834653,0.001150919,0.0005617238,0.03026885,0.002788155,0.0002386441,0.0002364568,0.00014263,0.3811473],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957454,0.00004238247,0.000326199,0.002448776,0.0007688681,0.00003786575,0.000054218,0.00004637526,0.0005299306],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.770152,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999923,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1222493884324344,"score_gpt":0.2626369717615643,"score_spread":0.1403875833291299,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}