{"id":"W1505598217","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9213.2011.685_8.x","title":"Grounding Concepts: an Empirical Basis for Arithmetical Knowledge - C.S. Jenkins","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Philosophical Quarterly","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Arithmetic function; Naturalism; Empiricism; Realism; Epistemology; Mental arithmetic; A priori and a posteriori; Analytic philosophy; Analogical reasoning; Cognitive science; Philosophy; Mathematics; Computer science; Psychology; Contemporary philosophy; Discrete mathematics; Analogy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007294196,0.0002633553,0.0003057051,0.0001057187,0.001669492,0.0003469963,0.0008920959,0.0001331786,0.001149747],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001044471,0.0001799035,0.0002249272,0.00007905153,0.003005371,0.0005628343,0.00003265692,0.0006980185,0.0002991753],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003987637,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007747736,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002909763,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004991391,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981955,0.0001155391,0.0003727811,0.0005009965,0.0003143944,0.0005007772],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982857,0.0005878003,0.00008706468,0.0005595013,0.0001706414,0.0003092612],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005386808,0.0003227132,0.00001082496,0.00001274411,0.00001543277,0.000002402679,0.03178712,1.044525e-7,0.0006491237,0.9608991,0.0006495633,0.005597028],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003794574,0.001414824,0.0001612525,0.00001384227,0.00005215242,0.00001453283,0.001104373,0.0005728977,0.00002297444,0.8234403,0.172501,0.0003223443],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.581467,0.0001720712,0.001124227,0.1852688,0.007418754,0.00121578,0.0002662556,0.0006433506,0.2224239],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9899148,8.71364e-7,0.0003488055,0.001836295,0.007297302,0.00009627246,0.0000124726,0.00003167331,0.0004614969],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4084479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997633,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09857317016457481,"score_gpt":0.3424772316852652,"score_spread":0.2439040615206904,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}