{"id":"W1507672391","doi":"10.1108/mf-05-2013-0123","title":"Investment opportunity set, board independence, and firm performance","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Managerial Finance","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Corporate governance; Independence (probability theory); Accounting; Originality; Business; Investment (military); Sarbanes–Oxley Act; Set (abstract data type); Enterprise value; Panel data; Economics; Finance; Econometrics; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004249393,0.0002494807,0.0002791203,0.0001012397,0.000260927,0.0002054457,0.0003076123,0.00009590638,0.00008065849],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001013355,0.0002469447,0.00004663461,0.0003758653,0.0001142526,0.001298302,0.0002554538,0.0001808374,0.0003007575],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002482773,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002670497,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005305851,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001369317,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985943,0.00001116463,0.0002747159,0.0004516341,0.0002955911,0.0003726053],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991513,0.00001986673,0.0003258147,0.0004051591,0.00007557713,0.00002222174],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005042689,0.0002190126,0.3377995,0.001319881,0.00004944665,0.000113386,0.0001309175,0.0007584269,0.0004432167,0.3586579,0.1247301,0.175274],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005787957,0.00002695874,0.3611147,0.00006975869,0.00001721643,0.000001894146,0.000008599042,0.003925332,0.00003816656,0.002976486,0.63094,0.0003020765],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9540405,0.00008119546,0.0003573847,0.0006970281,0.0008093726,0.000239317,0.000005235825,0.0001117738,0.04365817],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9897386,0.0001910385,0.0001673504,0.005556891,0.001144869,0.00003757205,0.00001328036,0.00002618803,0.00312415],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.50621,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999983,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02012760812547563,"score_gpt":0.1998984587006216,"score_spread":0.1797708505751459,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}