{"id":"W1519643418","doi":"10.1186/s40175-015-0031-9","title":"Informal self-employment in Kazakhstan","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IZA Journal of Labor & Development","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"International Development Research Centre","keywords":"Work (physics); Informal sector; Demographic economics; Self-employment; Economics; Labour economics; Economic growth; Entrepreneurship","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006643927,0.00009787762,0.0002840444,0.0002571108,0.00003752888,0.00003640222,0.0001696443,0.00003212409,0.0000719665],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007383479,0.00009601785,0.00003719964,0.0002462325,0.00001321746,0.0002478058,0.00005047186,0.0001195989,0.000199175],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002676672,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001940998,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001051562,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003826007,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987133,0.000007737704,0.0009106823,0.00009075884,0.00008687301,0.0001906454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990631,0.00001166017,0.0005916295,0.0000792827,0.0001428937,0.0001114598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006848633,0.000271744,0.93827,0.00001834453,0.0001576299,0.00003993449,0.01737886,0.0002823072,0.000003200918,0.03245452,0.00530739,0.005747525],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001063755,0.00006564469,0.4631331,0.00002811161,0.000001582592,0.00001201498,0.0005783125,0.00001400258,0.00009226934,0.001951563,0.5329251,0.0001345415],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9678575,0.00381404,0.0009739186,0.001810477,0.0009686678,0.0001104153,0.000007887807,0.00001886956,0.02443819],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.987538,0.0003039133,0.01109061,0.0005024887,0.0000723461,0.000005951229,0.000001053614,0.000009126121,0.0004764733],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5276177,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3915494,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04683852252844061,"score_gpt":0.2438997749353172,"score_spread":0.1970612524068766,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}