{"id":"W1524727478","doi":"","title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Standard of Fraud Required Under the Fraud Rule in Letter of Credit Law","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Duke journal of comparative & international law","topic":"Law, logistics, and international trade","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Letter of credit; Payment; Issuer; Position (finance); Commission; Constructive fraud; Business; Law; Obligation; Scope (computer science); Securities fraud; Accounting; Law and economics; Economics; Actuarial science; Political science; Finance; Supreme court; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007331905,0.0001742416,0.0007405984,0.0003372541,0.00007676028,0.00006880033,0.0007683137,0.00005294845,0.0004558412],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008577606,0.0001084322,0.0004261002,0.0005855717,0.001023231,0.0006352466,0.00009003235,0.000265215,0.000004375179],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009012343,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006210122,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002609454,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007780261,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974207,0.0001166747,0.001161366,0.0001428967,0.001014205,0.0001441508],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960054,0.0003825908,0.001856624,0.000197776,0.001544008,0.00001365773],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002856794,0.000216761,0.007243793,0.00001492357,0.001448362,0.000002278164,0.0004497579,0.01579802,0.0009807245,0.9714306,0.00212525,0.000003862212],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005403453,0.0002794601,0.1367832,0.0007017747,0.001948351,0.00001582889,0.004614221,0.01074356,0.03596017,0.2198052,0.5831069,0.0006379149],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5891076,0.0001933776,0.004784538,0.003262103,0.001244345,0.0002108994,0.0001122893,0.000004967225,0.4010799],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976988,0.000007942761,0.0002535676,0.001530222,0.0003350863,0.000003085216,0.00001238434,0.000007060833,0.0001518856],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7516254,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4991141,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0551072959462793,"score_gpt":0.3083150857105404,"score_spread":0.2532077897642611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}