{"id":"W1535442350","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1908940","title":"Internal Versus External R&amp;D: Complements or Substitutes?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Complementarity (molecular biology); Absorptive capacity; Economies of scope; Panel data; Industrial organization; Scope (computer science); Pharmaceutical industry; Business; Economics; Microeconomics; Econometrics; Economies of scale","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005577949,0.001539332,0.002333896,0.005288077,0.002203244,0.02063292,0.001864264,0.004784239,0.06518801],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01739962,0.001352164,0.001353298,0.005393385,0.006093177,0.01884627,0.006562244,0.002534829,0.00922543],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002585494,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002620258,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001662748,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004011353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9920665,0.002416593,0.0005845769,0.001346131,0.002197881,0.001388203],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9744227,0.01230303,0.004771691,0.003029059,0.002753264,0.002720256],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008899855,0.0005208797,0.01531832,0.001845035,0.0002934106,0.0012069,0.001234116,0.0009325006,0.002764173,0.7715417,0.01667051,0.1867826],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000419057,0.00107883,0.02227763,0.003515997,0.001277475,0.003208454,0.01212845,0.00367952,0.009302197,0.5978968,0.3450136,0.0002019362],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2043021,0.01865349,0.01838375,0.01397575,0.001235696,0.0003104853,0.001282016,0.0003679188,0.7414886],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9201098,0.008294903,0.008972538,0.002512272,0.0006557406,0.0001527754,0.0003629517,0.000224311,0.05871471],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.06518801,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2180756,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2373018086231026,"score_gpt":0.2709057376485979,"score_spread":0.03360392902549536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}