{"id":"W1535442350","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1908940","title":"Internal Versus External R&D: Complements or Substitutes?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Complementarity (molecular biology); Absorptive capacity; Economies of scope; Panel data; Industrial organization; Scope (computer science); Pharmaceutical industry; Business; Economics; Microeconomics; Econometrics; Economies of scale","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009828227,0.0002495233,0.0002078198,0.0002442083,0.0004027096,0.0002373113,0.0006826047,0.00006792656,0.005461352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001395728,0.0001779379,0.0001463596,0.0002447873,0.00006375358,0.001114642,0.0001619797,0.001331068,0.002754459],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002985397,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003228289,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00152758,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004488648,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969062,0.00002286534,0.0004008611,0.0002433685,0.0003761954,0.002050517],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993125,0.00002727615,0.000270743,0.000179077,0.0001798472,0.00003050741],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.02615266,0.001566015,0.05347208,0.0001626884,0.002271856,0.0002428191,0.001494972,0.00003128904,0.001547938,0.7477342,0.01349791,0.1518256],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02166726,0.001655391,0.01053418,0.0005690482,0.0007639148,0.001792967,0.004442039,0.001692737,0.0007047892,0.4805558,0.4728127,0.002809175],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8454214,0.0007572576,0.03368544,0.0002025047,0.004825685,0.0003331657,0.000002733319,0.0001654802,0.1146063],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906514,0.0002850604,0.0002403721,0.000579987,0.001950228,0.00000538533,0.000008572082,0.00003852171,0.006240505],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4593148,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.998022,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2373018086231026,"score_gpt":0.2709057376485979,"score_spread":0.03360392902549536,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}