{"id":"W1538299216","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/3021.001.0001","title":"Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"book","venue":"The MIT Press eBooks","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":636,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Decentralization; Market discipline; Budget constraint; Budget process; Government (linguistics); Economics; Politics; Central government; Fiscal policy; Economic policy; Business; Macroeconomics; Finance; Political science; Local government; Market economy; Public administration","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008960001,0.0002121544,0.0003034732,0.0006324972,0.001360979,0.003006453,0.0004020464,0.0006550527,0.004853353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001654749,0.0001726043,0.000213786,0.001233238,0.003791769,0.003061325,0.001907175,0.002489383,0.0005477121],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004923047,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003749519,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007194285,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01017688,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995176,0.0002051905,0.00001494064,0.00006069373,0.0001050722,0.0000966263],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995075,0.0002270994,0.0000593597,0.0000787372,0.00006992768,0.0000573121],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007161491,0.000008753665,0.0001949271,0.00002688057,0.000003021069,0.00003655,0.000742819,0.001770024,0.00004805149,0.9716006,0.0144991,0.01106211],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002120811,0.00001436075,0.001505341,0.0002173578,0.000006636923,0.00009975043,0.001085703,0.001776663,0.0001478813,0.6232724,0.3718435,0.00000922008],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03433842,0.02849233,0.008227311,0.03222454,0.000610087,0.00003551677,0.0001007409,0.0001084542,0.8958626],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7069646,0.02049958,0.00304911,0.004124462,0.000770007,0.0001029557,0.000114556,0.0001031012,0.2642716],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.007194285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03571934,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02946472563800728,"score_gpt":0.2604748615860719,"score_spread":0.2310101359480646,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}