{"id":"W1541843191","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07824.x","title":"Effects of Media, Backwash, and Temperature on Full‐Scale Biological Filtration","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Water Works Association","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; American Water Works Association Research Foundation","keywords":"Backwashing; Biofilter; Filtration (mathematics); Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Water treatment; Biomass (ecology); Organic matter; Sorbent; Filter (signal processing); Oxalate; Activated carbon; Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Adsorption; Organic chemistry; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004068877,0.0008002971,0.0004930748,0.0002933717,0.0003867257,0.0008949864,0.0003549436,0.0004528068,0.0007845291],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001031523,0.0004122426,0.0004364214,0.0002985081,0.0003319267,0.0005474404,0.000462395,0.0005953248,0.0003014107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005746108,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004429758,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003834801,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004963604,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996043,0.00005781393,0.0000544543,0.00006785982,0.0001430698,0.00007245829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990029,0.0004821001,0.0002078505,0.00006434153,0.0001410836,0.0001018088],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007259959,0.0001158565,0.001002429,0.0001121676,0.00002832839,0.00005787462,0.00006901345,0.0004194404,0.9940499,0.00001898665,0.00003614576,0.00336385],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001259841,0.0005339849,0.003592832,0.000008150434,0.00004131635,0.00003893401,0.00003163789,0.0004244415,0.9950137,0.00001259799,0.0002748062,0.00001511519],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9971136,0.0008716637,0.001030407,0.0000426562,0.00003127727,0.00003949947,0.0002310337,0.00006251576,0.0005774045],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957443,0.000774167,0.00222547,0.00005457549,0.00001369719,0.00004037194,0.0002639512,0.00003489455,0.0008486277],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003834801,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007624984,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.001994599662417803,"score_gpt":0.1704262728337358,"score_spread":0.168431673171318,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}