{"id":"W1552046944","doi":"","title":"Affording Discretion to Immigration Judges: A Comparison of Removal Proceedings in the United States and Canada","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Boston College international and comparative law review","topic":"Legal Systems and Judicial Processes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Immigration; Discretion; Law; Political science; Commit; Immigration law; Convention; Waiver; Duty","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004362838,0.00007674972,0.0002358949,0.00003928892,0.0001871015,0.00004958232,0.0001312475,0.00002518395,0.000009559432],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004025369,0.00005397384,0.00001654329,0.0003190814,0.00006662359,0.0001709496,0.00001186474,0.0000816554,3.694989e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007306481,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007609854,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.55817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7865223,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990835,0.00007257531,0.000288167,0.0001252798,0.0003369213,0.00009361254],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995084,0.00008250222,0.0001353129,0.00002795368,0.0002038757,0.00004190244],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003939145,0.0000522945,0.002404449,0.0001446951,0.00001272494,0.00000210678,0.01139163,0.000009727174,0.00003075959,0.9783582,0.00657204,0.0009819418],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002304561,0.0001604543,0.004826108,0.002051974,0.00002191568,0.000006773905,0.02848807,0.0006086763,0.00008077352,0.00277129,0.9605824,0.000171119],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9339554,0.006553126,0.00004587136,0.03583139,0.00008121527,0.000878376,0.0000306708,0.000009254025,0.02261468],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953581,0.002066523,0.00004024547,0.002360048,0.00004479356,0.00001951303,0.00001550403,0.000001310423,0.00009393317],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.975587,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4447722,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04280318097654043,"score_gpt":0.3518146877976556,"score_spread":0.3090115068211151,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}