{"id":"W1553684455","doi":"10.3386/w11595","title":"Why Are Some Public Officials more Corrupt Than Others?","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; McGill University","funders":"McGill University","keywords":"Political science; Public administration; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01255987,0.0002596402,0.0006671338,0.001351676,0.0005889744,0.0002926106,0.001045941,0.0006374574,0.01257663],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002578547,0.0002940182,0.0002843772,0.0002644469,0.0007573835,0.0005075068,0.0002326466,0.0006910144,0.0012163],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008200004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01838535,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0103802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01920924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947625,0.0003585663,0.001027731,0.0006977552,0.002349134,0.0008042597],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955737,0.0008237631,0.0007404662,0.0003458157,0.002183665,0.0003325882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000442526,0.0002310342,0.004100308,0.00009320708,0.0002874366,0.000004974506,0.001954446,0.0001429698,0.000007786704,0.4423188,0.519241,0.03157377],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002546553,0.00001944675,0.002852568,0.00008628988,0.00000653389,0.000003349639,0.002127121,0.00005128098,0.000005229971,0.01471898,0.9795746,0.0002999467],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.004856051,0.0007505203,0.000002613113,0.02825759,0.001877944,0.0007904379,0.0001734991,0.00005521004,0.9632362],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6398108,0.0128501,0.0002754917,0.001556269,0.015265,0.0003976073,0.0008957582,0.0001685345,0.3287805],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6349548,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999512,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5177699705756323,"score_gpt":0.5491091351391675,"score_spread":0.03133916456353514,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}