{"id":"W1555518634","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.081","title":"Single particle ICP-MS characterization of titanium dioxide, silver, and gold nanoparticles during drinking water treatment","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chemosphere","topic":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":152,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"PerkinElmer Biosignal","funders":"Missouri University of Science and Technology; University of Missouri","keywords":"Alum; Water treatment; Filtration (mathematics); Coagulation; Environmental chemistry; Surface water; Titanium dioxide; Adsorption; Chemistry; Portable water purification; Activated carbon; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Particle size; Particle (ecology); Environmental engineering; Environmental science; Materials science; Chromatography; Metallurgy; Mass spectrometry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001015941,0.0001220201,0.00018736,0.000006256044,0.00006832906,0.00006014793,0.00008964657,0.00004098525,0.0001471616],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000154925,0.00008966635,0.00003074859,0.00008333556,0.00008121466,0.0002866312,0.00006315604,0.00001996411,0.00009707845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006697901,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001518708,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004672313,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001737468,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990771,0.00002046621,0.0002587222,0.0002440834,0.0001435013,0.0002561423],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994689,0.00001769965,0.00007679069,0.0002500264,0.00006040167,0.0001262398],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002617048,0.0001854272,0.003186501,0.00001519632,0.000005791066,0.000001474473,0.0004820182,0.00000943752,0.9946452,0.0001422555,0.00001011599,0.001290448],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004711345,0.00006838225,0.002988547,0.00002375603,0.00002428042,0.000004729553,0.0001697477,0.00009263376,0.9951235,0.0001273406,0.000786977,0.0001189732],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9991446,0.00009824699,0.0000276618,0.0002455846,0.00005588594,0.0001620311,0.000006684532,0.00006778389,0.00019153],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99885,0.00001995626,0.0006106501,0.0000215021,0.00005141301,0.00004266289,0.000005039008,0.00001735063,0.0003813838],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001171475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3656487,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0233451764029013,"score_gpt":0.2209454286836875,"score_spread":0.1976002522807862,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}