{"id":"W1559533386","doi":"10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01639.x","title":"Volumes of evidence: examining technical change in the last century through a new lens","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Lens (geology); Optometry; History; Optics; Medicine; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001545455,0.0002993956,0.0009557379,0.0008151804,0.00009950712,0.00007060775,0.001173361,0.0002782896,0.0003730593],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000438704,0.0003030647,0.0002801753,0.0002523081,0.0002550169,0.001360933,0.00003993362,0.0005395431,0.00005921086],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001041681,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007689712,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3249988,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9148288,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968829,0.00005334899,0.001799964,0.000416259,0.000002588346,0.0008449974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.997218,0.0002178317,0.001311293,0.0005594898,0.00004946959,0.0006438865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005027005,0.00002779802,0.1815018,0.00005377007,0.00007301958,0.00006151814,0.01666498,0.00004899011,0.00000249653,0.7994952,0.0008495069,0.001170726],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001155405,0.0008830674,0.2297295,0.0004458999,0.00003724514,0.0005327036,0.00196577,0.0003239613,0.00005073092,0.7364477,0.02766655,0.0007614004],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812952,0.002458013,0.00003427858,0.002133635,0.0009888641,0.0003225502,0.0001272142,0.000004831932,0.0126354],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962834,0.0005870443,0.0007145525,0.00150173,0.0007806732,0.00001787197,0.000003805078,0.00004593436,0.00006500545],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.58983,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999421,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.541370401141137,"score_gpt":0.2310138833254275,"score_spread":0.3103565178157095,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}