{"id":"W1561057973","doi":"10.1002/pds.2330","title":"When should case‐only designs be used for safety monitoring of medical products?","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","topic":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","field":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics","cited_by":147,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; Ministry of Health","funders":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","keywords":"Confounding; Medicine; Observational study; Crossover study; Causality (physics); Selection bias; Pharmacoepidemiology; Crossover; Cohort study; Residual; Outcome (game theory); Cohort; Statistics; Econometrics; Computer science; Algorithm; Artificial intelligence; Internal medicine; Pathology; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0121434,0.0005035895,0.0009969234,0.0001912263,0.0007623847,0.000007587731,0.000433934,0.0006634097,0.001127873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00188595,0.000459142,0.0002594679,0.0002529846,0.0006747663,0.000539452,0.0002135231,0.0016232,0.00002941438],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001085622,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002928056,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000117203,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001355285,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9943932,0.002116784,0.001244275,0.0006357684,0.000317062,0.001292878],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9894462,0.00865643,0.0004705306,0.0003089763,0.0001839623,0.0009339608],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005368058,0.002355027,0.7186737,0.001306421,0.00254746,0.0003539355,0.00885484,0.0007295012,0.05174671,0.02745218,0.1218546,0.05875758],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006527223,0.00008574001,0.003815823,0.00006740737,0.001103036,0.002088532,0.001136505,0.003228549,0.0616158,0.0005315268,0.9190269,0.0007730093],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8907796,0.01368023,0.007827303,0.06890829,0.01121929,0.002930312,0.001386298,0.000473941,0.002794777],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9835013,0.005495293,0.002263704,0.005255037,0.002526098,0.0001749897,0.0001063986,0.00005740083,0.0006197579],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7971722,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999786,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3282102323380323,"score_gpt":0.5101522614093926,"score_spread":0.1819420290713603,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}