{"id":"W1564404634","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01979.x","title":"Are Phase 1 Trials Therapeutic? Risk, Ethics, and Division of Labor","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioethics","topic":"Biomedical Ethics and Regulation","field":"Medicine","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Clinical trial; Argument (complex analysis); Negotiation; Phase (matter); Medicine; Engineering ethics; Political science; Law; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01047826,0.0001065864,0.000411357,0.00007571944,0.0001291946,0.000008873114,0.0000431436,0.0008743755,0.00006447675],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00463331,0.00006854148,0.00008498476,0.0001603807,0.001439193,0.0000500012,0.00003919238,0.001440736,0.000005490929],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001368798,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001093066,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009080335,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001382204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980646,0.0007085475,0.0004143125,0.0001354814,0.000502172,0.0001749026],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969797,0.001864943,0.0004735356,0.0002080003,0.0002691434,0.0002047439],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00181093,0.003758808,0.1914502,0.002895127,0.0008413702,0.000009655002,0.02930864,0.000001288612,0.07208717,0.2041173,0.001501384,0.4922182],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0164889,0.001750968,0.7559897,0.001475706,0.001499216,0.00002629598,0.004933791,0.0009484703,0.05858834,0.02607742,0.1316041,0.0006170907],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8241477,0.02771192,0.007757695,0.1373824,0.001425782,0.0009044566,0.0002467632,0.00009911198,0.0003241752],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938343,0.002973787,0.000982891,0.001758745,0.0003170068,0.000003029739,0.00001956311,0.00001405422,0.00009663081],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5645396,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6743985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3484685285540676,"score_gpt":0.5001215150016388,"score_spread":0.1516529864475712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}