{"id":"W1564404634","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01979.x","title":"Are Phase 1 Trials Therapeutic? Risk, Ethics, and Division of Labor","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bioethics","topic":"Biomedical Ethics and Regulation","field":"Medicine","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Clinical trial; Argument (complex analysis); Negotiation; Phase (matter); Medicine; Engineering ethics; Political science; Law; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.3992574,0.000950336,0.00250966,0.001711259,0.00807758,0.02269146,0.004463601,0.02580502,0.003040536],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5373592,0.001364615,0.001540137,0.00210967,0.06216119,0.02154662,0.00717642,0.0207382,0.0009311563],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009295963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02281874,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00158515,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001652974,"domain_scores_codex":[0.4341436,0.4978465,0.01750316,0.01143306,0.03259149,0.006482271],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3196969,0.5932621,0.04652693,0.02291402,0.01325656,0.004343491],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":"methods","study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001084267,0.00003374879,0.001259279,0.0002714766,0.0000542067,0.0002253389,0.006505114,0.0004779533,0.000279233,0.9700916,0.005145684,0.01554795],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001333658,0.0001294626,0.001327277,0.0009606426,0.00004784992,0.0005339717,0.002723369,0.0009155051,0.0005476791,0.9394901,0.05311049,0.00008017504],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0260589,0.02139253,0.1186938,0.756758,0.002423703,0.0006568684,0.00007517959,0.00009299567,0.07384796],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7371426,0.006803259,0.06094905,0.183115,0.005174462,0.002333622,0.00004166738,0.0001222395,0.00431815],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6007426,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7408226,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3484685285540676,"score_gpt":0.5001215150016388,"score_spread":0.1516529864475712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}