{"id":"W1569871744","doi":"","title":"Tying and Intellectual Property","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","topic":"Merger and Competition Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Tying; Competition (biology); Intellectual property; Incentive; Order (exchange); Law and economics; Economics; Industrial organization; Business; Law; Microeconomics; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008278155,0.00004752396,0.0001613348,0.00003727686,0.0000741676,0.000008092927,0.00008764688,0.00002897631,0.02713286],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000160018,0.00005351843,0.00005499509,0.00004488212,0.00003092553,0.0001770708,0.00002415279,0.00003172963,0.00008147354],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004365616,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004819855,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01536048,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001958068,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996929,0.000006255486,0.00006574272,0.0001379153,0.00001704035,0.0000801028],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997558,0.000009721221,0.00006611554,0.0001078633,0.00001510782,0.00004542066],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000292249,0.0005492968,0.02605114,0.00009514655,0.0004772144,0.00002646916,0.07493541,0.00006716059,0.001221813,0.4963255,0.01908751,0.3808711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001799741,0.0005717676,0.7965778,0.00004766029,0.00006930484,0.000007955852,0.0223951,0.01792678,0.00009714393,0.003945324,0.1557594,0.0008020783],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2272421,0.002367102,0.007917812,0.002211834,0.00005336717,0.00006465987,0.00000821003,0.00003369575,0.7601013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886117,0.0008514987,0.0008038456,0.00006617355,0.00001012,2.451033e-8,0.000001750537,0.000001971355,0.009652913],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7705266,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9911963,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02512923663983151,"score_gpt":0.1981964298468378,"score_spread":0.1730671932070063,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}