{"id":"W1570227318","doi":"10.2202/1538-0645.1078","title":"Collusive Bidding in the FCC Spectrum Auctions","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy","topic":"Auction Theory and Applications","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University; University of Washington; U.S. Department of Justice; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Common value auction; Bidding; License; Spectrum auction; English auction; Business; Bid shading; Microeconomics; Unique bid auction; Economics; Computer science; Auction theory; Revenue equivalence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005428312,0.0002706739,0.0007095771,0.0009964957,0.001485228,0.002646694,0.0007546552,0.001177032,0.003718275],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02800743,0.000441739,0.0003741459,0.001226682,0.001991902,0.00194873,0.001210028,0.001131433,0.0005209064],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001739094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009130212,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009639181,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005221669,"domain_scores_codex":[0.991779,0.004517242,0.0002485256,0.0004893415,0.001972217,0.0009936837],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9739658,0.0184695,0.00334451,0.002055623,0.001691335,0.0004731749],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009027231,0.0003891069,0.0602078,0.0001950133,0.000231441,0.00291128,0.005064518,0.1760542,0.005585663,0.6419521,0.01221662,0.09428953],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001643396,0.0001992222,0.02413582,0.00008080161,0.00009250452,0.00216611,0.002868317,0.5974553,0.003554312,0.3504242,0.01872154,0.0001376544],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8894397,0.0005222872,0.05151077,0.001134318,0.00004915696,0.00008539685,0.00008859804,0.00007503616,0.05709474],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973821,0.00005943769,0.001393577,0.00004649501,0.00001726165,0.00001439316,0.00001098416,0.000004654587,0.001071146],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009639181,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02870804,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06778489652372133,"score_gpt":0.4262019281429872,"score_spread":0.3584170316192659,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}