{"id":"W1580314220","doi":"10.1111/j.1475-6803.2013.12010.x","title":"THE PRICING EFFICIENCY OF LEVERAGED EXCHANGE‐TRADED FUNDS: EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. MARKETS","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Financial Research","topic":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Leverage (statistics); Monetary economics; Business; Global assets under management; Passive management; Fund of funds; Financial economics; Closed-end fund; Economics; Econometrics; Institutional investor; Finance; Market liquidity; Statistics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00175531,0.0002396896,0.0003529245,0.001334982,0.0003323738,0.001612069,0.0002653451,0.0005298569,0.002264475],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01147691,0.0001613057,0.000257439,0.001639933,0.0007885807,0.001616647,0.0008484776,0.0005209116,0.0002823219],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003223766,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001896384,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004779652,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004218608,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995371,0.0001727951,0.00004194914,0.00005665163,0.0001246239,0.0000668649],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9856923,0.005300894,0.006949892,0.0006081293,0.0008510765,0.0005977288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001161864,0.0004127277,0.9448789,0.00009240871,0.0004672926,0.0005643624,0.000699333,0.003018737,0.00247187,0.004727209,0.002242573,0.03926253],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000111501,0.0002534866,0.9851609,0.00004939853,0.0001489692,0.0003775142,0.000771557,0.006692908,0.001404471,0.002912628,0.002076558,0.00003997299],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979017,0.0004263269,0.0001199874,0.0001709236,0.000003843576,0.000003195615,0.00009862379,0.000004411206,0.001270907],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999541,0.0001948163,0.00004270027,0.00002850175,0.00001423914,9.802836e-7,0.0001001915,0.000001952582,0.00007558816],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004779652,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009503663,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1378913173143528,"score_gpt":0.3054790897532318,"score_spread":0.167587772438879,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}