{"id":"W1587538784","doi":"10.22329/il.v32i3.3681","title":"Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informal Logic","topic":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Antecedent (behavioral psychology); Argumentation theory; Argument (complex analysis); Fallacy; Epistemology; Position (finance); Psychology; Philosophy; Social psychology; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.04459273,0.001164908,0.001825674,0.004128516,0.006082063,0.01354204,0.004323524,0.007327771,0.006349389],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07071649,0.001404034,0.001465916,0.002117054,0.03028916,0.02164929,0.01247429,0.007077035,0.001744022],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003657581,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002630299,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001418166,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001314123,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9542001,0.03331265,0.001945403,0.003151844,0.006360769,0.001029133],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9336634,0.04806277,0.00240894,0.0114434,0.003377062,0.001044395],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002986269,0.0000197401,0.0001900331,0.00009803015,0.0000210871,0.0001285067,0.006539735,0.0002937058,0.0004216568,0.9779038,0.0008681164,0.01348576],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003104363,0.00002858559,0.0001362901,0.00028038,0.00005945652,0.0001995838,0.001004018,0.002934132,0.000956102,0.9586802,0.03566293,0.00002731863],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02663036,0.004716974,0.7133707,0.02311756,0.0007389947,0.0002946637,0.00009284552,0.001045407,0.2299924],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7316703,0.001766696,0.2498992,0.001607178,0.0007393385,0.0003543449,0.0001072414,0.0004080427,0.0134477],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04459273,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2358317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1095972115437689,"score_gpt":0.2962430261062164,"score_spread":0.1866458145624475,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}