{"id":"W1597584215","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1393991","title":"Tax Challenges Facing Developing Countries: A Perspective from Outside the Policy Arena","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Perspective (graphical); Developing country; Tax policy; Political science; Economics; Public economics; Tax reform; Economic growth; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002943005,0.0002263886,0.0003731427,0.0003167174,0.0004718854,0.0001254714,0.0004775182,0.0001296932,0.00003519178],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003548993,0.0002012091,0.0001750975,0.0001817217,0.00009923429,0.0003236546,0.00006993337,0.001345336,0.0004107873],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003845554,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008161268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003282084,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006195265,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965504,0.00002436495,0.0006718318,0.0003710927,0.0000544297,0.002327904],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998875,0.0002413313,0.0004742027,0.0002596131,0.00004871796,0.00010113],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002889974,0.00001259899,0.001956023,0.000003077961,0.0002148218,0.000002198503,0.003637148,0.00001205962,0.000001998338,0.9923308,0.00007230783,0.001728083],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004649227,0.00006374853,0.007760031,0.00001681068,0.000007467285,0.00006322131,0.01189787,0.00005928004,0.00003837667,0.9543681,0.02499237,0.0002677824],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3951175,0.1155961,0.08446618,0.1581293,0.001423352,0.000561126,0.0002248327,0.000147383,0.2443343],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.981614,0.01451539,0.0001056333,0.001423817,0.001805814,0.000004651192,0.00000233372,0.00003477016,0.0004935896],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5864965,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999785,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02817764042818579,"score_gpt":0.2454843742659272,"score_spread":0.2173067338377414,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}