{"id":"W1600991560","doi":"10.1086/648102","title":"Selection and Causation","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy of Science","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Natural selection; Selection (genetic algorithm); Realization (probability); Epistemology; Criticism; Natural (archaeology); Computer science; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence; Biology; Political science; Mathematics; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002745877,0.00005904176,0.00007589274,0.0001933562,0.0006603312,0.00005414596,0.0001721267,0.00001063232,0.00006631314],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002830407,0.00005335115,0.00001706278,0.0001401666,0.002695037,0.0008839708,0.00001316775,0.00004864848,0.000009299712],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000234395,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004205693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001966708,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009633733,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992709,0.000006008439,0.0001154101,0.0001941662,0.0002885621,0.0001250156],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996575,0.00001019136,0.00007055894,0.0000773784,0.0001241634,0.000060263],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004788221,0.00002561363,0.00002837832,0.000004501596,5.243018e-7,1.689269e-7,0.00517948,0.000002528402,0.01561257,0.9758714,0.00003419956,0.003235813],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001493716,0.0004974941,0.005061788,0.00003003034,0.000007260857,0.00000592065,0.0002138416,0.0005174922,0.004095678,0.9823427,0.006912136,0.0001662779],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4718724,0.0001346183,0.00002939518,0.004845991,0.000339109,0.00009713991,0.000003582952,0.00005609931,0.5226217],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991502,0.000007214193,0.000204534,0.0002834229,0.000230895,8.492594e-7,2.482448e-7,0.000001365342,0.000121245],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5272778,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9929977,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04726977029721108,"score_gpt":0.239377335373706,"score_spread":0.192107565076495,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}