{"id":"W1600991560","doi":"10.1086/648102","title":"Selection and Causation","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy of Science","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Natural selection; Selection (genetic algorithm); Realization (probability); Epistemology; Criticism; Natural (archaeology); Computer science; Philosophy; Artificial intelligence; Biology; Political science; Mathematics; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005405738,0.0005901977,0.0008084356,0.001783775,0.002325783,0.003742491,0.001148861,0.002456835,0.01415749],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009180958,0.0004228157,0.0009338506,0.001165829,0.01515936,0.006560494,0.00362465,0.002722444,0.001257669],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002303856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00166539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002849098,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002407805,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957051,0.002089182,0.0001639681,0.0009117486,0.0007193127,0.0004107553],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99444,0.00351119,0.0004736336,0.0008524755,0.0005007038,0.0002220806],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004434312,0.000003825541,0.0004780174,0.00002931062,0.00001430416,0.00004350397,0.0001823078,0.0002995249,0.00006695136,0.994605,0.0006262263,0.003646577],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008803951,0.000009327337,0.0006876514,0.0000293166,0.00001031251,0.0001193666,0.0001446282,0.0006182491,0.000107041,0.974922,0.02333521,0.000008101558],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05687885,0.01801807,0.398122,0.06276838,0.001741132,0.0002024784,0.0004588542,0.0003988005,0.4614114],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9315639,0.005079655,0.03163901,0.004693587,0.001005069,0.00015865,0.000197676,0.0001119949,0.02555037],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9976742,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04736155,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04726977029721108,"score_gpt":0.239377335373706,"score_spread":0.192107565076495,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}