{"id":"W1604740454","doi":"10.3386/w20120","title":"Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Disability Insurance Programs and Retirement - Introduction and Summary","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Institute on Aging; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Social security; Disability insurance; Unemployment; Incentive; Government (linguistics); Payment; Social insurance; Revenue; Tax revenue; Labour economics; Disability benefits; Business; Phase (matter); Demographic economics; Economics; Economic growth; Public economics; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00095973,0.001498268,0.001032981,0.005311896,0.001370076,0.005199636,0.001084387,0.002218521,0.01961614],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002180344,0.0004719032,0.0009395105,0.00638439,0.0008443249,0.003978109,0.003120053,0.003361046,0.00595509],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001487621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002380955,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004096168,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007008705,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993962,0.0001269527,0.00005748749,0.00007646298,0.000262802,0.0000799667],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975832,0.001067694,0.0002333,0.00008377121,0.0007083961,0.0003236105],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005844053,0.0002428526,0.001866208,0.0023221,0.00002336209,0.00008857315,0.0005931177,0.0005709977,0.0003109333,0.018673,0.7995099,0.1757404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001149219,0.0002890633,0.01138137,0.004362244,0.0000270067,0.0001244658,0.001056396,0.0001999352,0.0001547844,0.005782287,0.9765762,0.00003480114],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.004617334,0.6317592,0.003268698,0.07325419,0.1132971,0.0004258637,0.004508615,0.0002781618,0.1685909],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01594823,0.7462499,0.002670144,0.02353677,0.09163088,0.0005420384,0.007612463,0.0002433239,0.1115663],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01961614,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06562251,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.378850552151923,"score_gpt":0.5279991608522198,"score_spread":0.1491486087002967,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}