{"id":"W1605260562","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2319655","title":"User Fee Design by Canadian Municipalities: Considerations Arising from Case Law","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"User fee; Key (lock); Business; Devolution (biology); Interpretation (philosophy); Politics; Political science; Public economics; Law; Public administration; Economics; Computer science; Computer security; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007777801,0.00009500454,0.0001049832,0.00003411879,0.001611634,0.0004143385,0.0001159815,0.00009973225,0.0009003095],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001346507,0.00009349842,0.00004298069,0.000108895,0.0001167531,0.0006661478,0.000008213067,0.0005157124,0.00008711711],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002097832,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003823178,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9064299,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9580691,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974731,0.0002640484,0.000207994,0.0001313948,0.0002781396,0.001645367],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993209,0.000148623,0.00009024623,0.000102383,0.00009659799,0.0002412881],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002168826,0.00001760426,0.0005579814,3.574095e-7,0.00004185168,0.00003364389,0.004632783,0.00008558937,0.00003869732,0.9807576,0.01300147,0.0008302898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005359267,0.00007639,0.00007094945,0.00001909857,0.00004482855,0.000236835,0.06136678,0.0002783579,0.0001262015,0.8226972,0.114237,0.0003104412],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7976651,0.008308403,0.09230962,0.03529361,0.001330468,0.001588633,0.0001059526,0.0001727412,0.06322547],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9941893,0.001262772,0.0002253977,0.001366062,0.0001918707,0.000008090509,0.000006773238,0.00001167213,0.002738019],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1965242,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996881,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01799226592378814,"score_gpt":0.2562974020385603,"score_spread":0.2383051361147722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}