{"id":"W1607461091","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v15i1.1605","title":"A cultural-historical activity theory investigation of contradictions in open and distance higher education among alienated adult learners in Korea National Open University","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Distance education; Sociology; Institution; Higher education; Curriculum; Competition (biology); Bureaucracy; Pedagogy; Compromise; Viewpoints; Activity theory; Open education; Variety (cybernetics); Public relations; Social science; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007261512,0.0002540035,0.0003434051,0.002389401,0.004866471,0.005499269,0.001100064,0.0006955257,0.001452866],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006292012,0.0002782352,0.0003344568,0.002465066,0.01031533,0.004718477,0.005529684,0.001419972,0.00007979808],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004759961,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004544151,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006426558,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0117234,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9955995,0.002852293,0.0002136388,0.0003432985,0.0005534661,0.0004378031],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9938666,0.003365192,0.001425929,0.0003145425,0.0006174368,0.0004103648],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002977088,0.00009527326,0.0491905,0.0001648454,0.00001995549,0.0006289589,0.8866441,0.00007735761,0.0003602807,0.04699646,0.0003567004,0.01543581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005420563,0.00002545877,0.02260255,0.0001538971,0.00001638123,0.0001969999,0.9626359,0.0002815509,0.0001620483,0.005620603,0.008284866,0.00001436091],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9851538,0.0007978759,0.001774103,0.00147215,0.00002084557,0.00003487705,0.00001370735,0.000002302845,0.01073036],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989454,0.0002931911,0.0003023647,0.00009108303,0.000003035421,0.00001487169,0.000007816871,0.00000131632,0.0003409645],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007261512,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03840303,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1012099816610957,"score_gpt":0.4386328433862124,"score_spread":0.3374228617251167,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}