{"id":"W1623083212","doi":"10.5539/elt.v8n10p76","title":"A Systematic Review of Research on Questioning as a High-level Cognitive Strategy","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":44,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Psychology; Metacognition; Cognition; Mathematics education; Reading comprehension; Reading (process); Literacy; Foreign language; Teaching method; Pedagogy; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02166784,0.000264821,0.001671012,0.0003301953,0.0004651152,0.000165319,0.0005607508,0.0002593066,0.0002588488],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0619256,0.000213033,0.000222446,0.000608738,0.0002054696,0.000124245,0.00008719878,0.001721058,0.0002107501],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006143267,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002327098,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001118544,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004766722,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9887249,0.007887643,0.0008949519,0.0003970083,0.001646825,0.0004486051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9949206,0.003417969,0.0003813854,0.000337185,0.0006990249,0.0002438717],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001008994,0.00009022981,6.60657e-8,0.693178,0.00009170468,0.00002173522,0.1044121,2.650648e-8,5.452586e-9,0.1274167,0.0004439391,0.07434448],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005352651,0.00004222599,4.596194e-8,0.850967,0.0003602488,0.000002362637,0.09663777,5.681992e-8,1.30912e-7,0.0005959277,0.05113505,0.0002056924],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001303538,0.9082548,0.00001426651,0.00006193326,0.0004005023,0.001732147,0.00002540701,0.0001203348,0.0893776],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006235894,0.9932393,0.0002972781,0.000239061,0.0006227595,0.0003563069,0.0001309741,0.00004162255,0.004449133],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.157789,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9459762,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1755752182569768,"score_gpt":0.5207493549260996,"score_spread":0.3451741366691228,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}