{"id":"W1636256915","doi":"10.22329/il.v21i1.2232","title":"Valid Ad Hominem Arguments in Philosophy: Johnstone's Metaphilosophical Informal Logic","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Informal Logic","topic":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","field":"Psychology","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Argument (complex analysis); Epistemology; Constructive; Philosophy; Metaphilosophy; Ordinary language philosophy; Argument map; Western philosophy; Computer science; Argumentation theory","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01517434,0.0006056256,0.0008573981,0.004081377,0.005558709,0.01024645,0.001768325,0.004702303,0.004776505],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02665888,0.0005290451,0.001178249,0.001766279,0.0457863,0.0136784,0.006505952,0.006732275,0.0007112463],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007026299,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003624999,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002334132,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002052039,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9874263,0.008542927,0.0003119552,0.0007037514,0.002216624,0.0007984407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9800093,0.01484351,0.0008958644,0.001395096,0.002279073,0.0005772321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004712207,0.000005220485,0.00004720584,0.00002098962,0.000002591557,0.000023177,0.001375818,0.00005721323,0.00002410609,0.996854,0.0007392452,0.0008456921],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009414227,0.000007663207,0.00008532167,0.00005700243,0.000005276453,0.00003137851,0.000945183,0.0003967826,0.00006996696,0.9855406,0.01284511,0.000006398911],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06134403,0.01158017,0.2577101,0.1267617,0.001677779,0.0002498069,0.0001572212,0.0002278474,0.5402914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9468802,0.001984037,0.02544825,0.007135674,0.0007720809,0.0002890225,0.00004349743,0.0001505524,0.01729661],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01517434,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08025056,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05550613182209997,"score_gpt":0.3265466109278506,"score_spread":0.2710404791057507,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}