{"id":"W1638787498","doi":"10.1108/jes-12-2015-0226","title":"Competition and innovation with horizontal R&amp;D spillovers","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Economic Studies","topic":"Innovation Policy and R&D","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Spillover effect; Competition (biology); Economics; Originality; Welfare; Microeconomics; Social Welfare; Production (economics); Value (mathematics); Mathematics; Market economy; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004561879,0.0000802931,0.0003091739,0.0003239414,0.0002651015,0.00008659085,0.0001041172,0.00003203684,0.00003958849],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001342741,0.00007143266,0.00003031702,0.00004601444,0.0001529022,0.0005222138,0.00003752367,0.00009116494,0.00004850241],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001080212,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001886888,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002770533,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004114323,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992359,0.000003306862,0.0005495911,0.00009958437,0.00001584203,0.00009577457],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982264,0.00002518192,0.001503415,0.00013352,0.00009340449,0.00001805841],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004648137,0.00001357372,0.06485201,0.00001456032,0.0002264082,0.000002074801,0.0003837321,0.0000171651,0.00002279134,0.9317702,0.00220279,0.0004481842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005175356,0.00094431,0.4494257,0.0001901382,0.00004511603,0.0002634521,0.001723139,0.00009728494,0.0004108052,0.2687681,0.2723013,0.0006553148],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9747062,0.0007367312,0.0002526747,0.002747008,0.0007042137,0.00004535005,0.0000208909,0.000003336338,0.02078363],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975594,0.0006220917,0.0007136259,0.0001900324,0.0003619697,0.00000127169,0.000001230997,0.000007312112,0.000543112],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6630022,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2912939,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.121879005666662,"score_gpt":0.3183969480789031,"score_spread":0.1965179424122411,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}