{"id":"W1649168688","doi":"10.1029/2004rs003052","title":"Time of flight and direction of arrival of HF radio signals received over a path along the midlatitude trough: Theoretical considerations","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radio Science","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Trough (economics); Middle latitudes; Geology; Ionosphere; Geodesy; Sunspot; Great circle; Scattering; Latitude; Meteorology; Atmospheric sciences; Geophysics; Physics; Optics; Astronomy; Magnetic field","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002642779,0.0002282136,0.00009720788,0.0005257322,0.0002466391,0.0005582051,0.0004065248,0.0003518075,0.002335029],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001867902,0.0001652251,0.0002912379,0.00041382,0.0002796015,0.0003957772,0.0001937624,0.0002434099,0.0003755891],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005441126,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003628726,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007417401,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004347913,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999402,0.00001149004,0.000003336542,0.00001290277,0.0000193044,0.00001282731],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993864,0.0004181765,0.00006390845,0.00003025944,0.00007937048,0.00002190604],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002991662,0.0000563759,0.06425274,0.0001257181,0.000043382,0.0009804195,0.0001563283,0.8247388,0.02102665,0.06069836,0.000787755,0.02683431],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002066816,0.0001901422,0.0230618,0.00001400218,0.00002886801,0.000784908,0.0001728523,0.9625471,0.002198709,0.008534593,0.002430177,0.00001612898],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7301996,0.0007818816,0.2506193,0.0004755663,0.00006650641,0.00003937403,0.000736334,0.000246579,0.01683491],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9888362,0.0003727212,0.008928296,0.00002411135,0.00002815437,0.00002920812,0.0003124847,0.00002609497,0.001442687],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007417401,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01474845,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004664496647283356,"score_gpt":0.2197945072450109,"score_spread":0.2151300105977275,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}