{"id":"W1697820205","doi":"","title":"Hackback: Permitting Retaliatory Hacking by Non-State Actors as Proportionate Countermeasures to Transboundary Cyberharm","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Harm; Intellectual property; Espionage; International law; Obligation; Law and economics; Political science; Business; Hacker; State (computer science); Industrial espionage; Extraterritoriality; Tort; National security; Principle of legality; Cyberspace; Legal aspects of computing; Law; Computer security; The Internet; Jurisdiction; Economics; Liability","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003073373,0.0002769537,0.0003143927,0.0001314659,0.002483318,0.000478676,0.0005074673,0.0001172861,0.0003688888],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002381785,0.0002620145,0.000222707,0.00032706,0.000351998,0.0008615194,0.0000534971,0.001727918,0.0003123088],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001534913,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003420559,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006784656,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01747455,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9949325,0.0002408244,0.000489452,0.0003799083,0.0009951782,0.002962081],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987978,0.00006696086,0.0002472533,0.0001608702,0.0004059056,0.0003211859],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003297314,0.0008104553,0.0476852,0.00009800267,0.002658914,0.0000793927,0.4294559,0.00004737112,0.0113374,0.09724957,0.08087821,0.3293698],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002043036,0.0008257203,0.01193723,0.0003625312,0.0002040351,0.0002245867,0.256978,0.00002596503,0.001064579,0.291493,0.432733,0.002108275],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9698544,0.003455773,0.0004570862,0.006825165,0.0006583815,0.0006056854,0.000009405698,0.00011343,0.01802064],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9879639,0.003770722,0.00001922261,0.0006460831,0.0004463632,0.0000361161,0.000004495109,0.0000380675,0.007075001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3518548,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999832,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007158449142392592,"score_gpt":0.2669654834860034,"score_spread":0.2598070343436107,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}