{"id":"W1728004134","doi":"10.3968/j.css.1923669720060203.013","title":"Social Costs of the Patent System","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian social science","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"China; Humanities; Political science; Social benefits; Profit (economics); Philosophy; Economics; Law; Neoclassical economics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003143055,0.00006405627,0.00008161438,0.00009731676,0.001197309,0.0001309018,0.00050872,0.00004065321,0.00004584745],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000619984,0.00004493973,0.00005309655,0.000951682,0.0002801525,0.0002901777,0.00003758601,0.00007314837,0.00009064535],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003027006,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000186991,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02626962,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006081021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991467,0.000007568059,0.0001100255,0.0001304526,0.0002858775,0.0003193539],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996495,0.000003723965,0.00007513873,0.00007023237,0.0001791409,0.00002229839],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000203856,0.00003547415,0.01219712,0.00006824155,0.000009290015,0.00001117624,0.00178886,0.000002964898,0.003013777,0.894453,0.03483928,0.05356044],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001770232,0.0000803995,0.5425384,0.0005155765,0.000168401,0.00001000892,0.01970596,0.005897361,0.002946856,0.007031225,0.4173249,0.00201068],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2778871,0.00001123369,0.000007473488,0.002010657,0.0005783516,0.0001848874,0.000003887271,0.00002578917,0.7192906],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.996383,1.39973e-7,0.00000133235,0.002847423,0.0005672486,0.000001370867,8.273283e-7,0.000003154479,0.0001955245],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8874218,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9802145,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1006113101983061,"score_gpt":0.221443290773684,"score_spread":0.1208319805753779,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}