{"id":"W1757413010","doi":"10.1257/000282805775014416","title":"Manufacturer Liability for Harms Caused by Consumers to Others","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Review","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Harm; Liability; Product (mathematics); Damages; Product liability; Business; Consumer protection; Strict liability; Willingness to pay; Homogeneous; Economics; Actuarial science; Commerce; Law; Finance; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001145167,0.000297591,0.001584196,0.0001044742,0.0001094765,0.00008006887,0.0004792165,0.00007153524,0.001317051],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001111437,0.000394099,0.000406923,0.0000987186,0.0002912788,0.0002629971,0.00005077321,0.0001096271,0.006114619],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007606052,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005306052,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001891136,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004548076,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968603,0.00003453427,0.00156723,0.0009269986,0.00002171115,0.0005891891],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977668,0.000135865,0.0009871064,0.0007611144,0.00001995986,0.0003291668],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006075092,0.0001957904,0.03024952,0.00105886,0.0006179349,6.847026e-7,0.0005801461,0.0002302094,0.00002359599,0.04761375,0.7325288,0.18684],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004272925,0.00009667453,0.0008515484,0.00009244099,0.00002334094,0.000001514797,0.00004189994,0.000159472,0.00006888392,0.00166513,0.9960375,0.0005342558],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3614026,0.2068376,0.01304608,0.1009718,0.006374443,0.01846509,0.009625818,0.0006672452,0.2826093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9041976,0.04253335,0.00183624,0.04584814,0.0008377759,0.00107438,0.0001330694,0.0001940686,0.003345364],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.542795,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998511,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02584553632647094,"score_gpt":0.2596669501257309,"score_spread":0.23382141379926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}