{"id":"W1763681373","doi":"10.1111/bph.12771","title":"Late, never or non‐existent: the inaccessibility of preclinical evidence for new drugs","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"British Journal of Pharmacology","topic":"Animal testing and alternatives","field":"Veterinary","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital; McGill University; Ethica (Canada)","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Medicine; Clinical trial; Efficacy; MEDLINE; Clinical study design; Drug development; Sample size determination; Drug; Pharmacology; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001844083,0.000100884,0.0003685633,0.00003453041,0.00009906665,0.0000310548,0.0005562663,0.00006441485,0.0003512323],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001871437,0.00007461356,0.0001999947,0.00008922682,0.000201228,0.0003380464,0.0001121712,0.0003689298,0.000005560184],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002881941,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001797962,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001335015,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009146417,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982926,0.0003920774,0.0007535746,0.0001766184,0.0001737596,0.0002114128],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9954815,0.003282534,0.0007453379,0.00007486561,0.0003154968,0.0001002662],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.03215869,0.001582519,0.01757322,0.0008474456,0.0009527082,0.0009711008,0.002161534,0.0001951752,0.1404046,0.0001574902,0.1732388,0.6297567],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.03811431,0.05320821,0.7020815,0.007493706,0.002465995,0.02452339,0.0009370248,0.01989779,0.03886469,0.01739873,0.09336824,0.001646445],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.994859,0.0009862572,0.00167164,0.001188359,0.0007807303,0.000221852,0.000009331367,0.00001166915,0.0002710947],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.994445,0.0002771929,0.002257532,0.0007555079,0.001342439,0.000006124423,4.05749e-7,0.00001432505,0.000901442],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6845083,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3845747,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3366179563728315,"score_gpt":0.5201421185059917,"score_spread":0.1835241621331601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}