{"id":"W1768248859","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.037","title":"Understanding of physicochemical properties and formation mechanisms of fine particular matter generated from Canadian coal combustion","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Coal and Its By-products","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Char; Coal; Combustion; Ultrafine particle; Mineralogy; Coal combustion products; Coalescence (physics); Bituminous coal; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006133661,0.00004367212,0.00007976747,0.00002677808,0.00002213686,0.00001092175,0.00003161278,0.00002466229,0.0001176341],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001373356,0.00003300418,0.000007832883,0.00005770141,0.00003416464,0.0001317118,0.000004247855,0.00002644911,0.00001708367],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000064425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003716028,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04983252,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0327723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996392,0.00001729654,0.00009690631,0.00006923254,0.00009364558,0.00008367801],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997928,0.000006179495,0.00003582214,0.00005287781,0.00004000721,0.00007227869],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006250666,0.0001352318,0.3186483,0.0008305817,0.000169931,0.00001653476,0.01207375,0.0127191,0.6184803,0.002107786,0.02936396,0.004829512],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001113033,0.000298746,0.1023855,0.0001249209,0.00007083653,0.000009348088,0.00209788,0.1185995,0.7496971,0.02491094,0.0003688963,0.0003233017],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979981,0.0002031391,0.0008905815,0.0004038774,0.00007974708,0.00006213303,0.00006255884,0.000004448278,0.0002954213],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994781,0.000003208968,0.0002464009,0.00004910527,0.00002786831,2.161237e-7,0.0001725094,0.000001088829,0.00002147689],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2162628,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9848771,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09035663653793967,"score_gpt":0.1920854763815543,"score_spread":0.1017288398436147,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}