{"id":"W1833339493","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.00448.x","title":"Raising taxes through equalization","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":102,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Economics; Equalization (audio); Raising (metalworking); Public economics; Transfer (computing); Tax reform; Econometrics; Monetary economics; Mathematics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001099577,0.0003559395,0.0003745254,0.001077593,0.000830836,0.001583152,0.0006128916,0.0005170534,0.01457458],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006321717,0.0001611409,0.0004073428,0.00154301,0.001935328,0.001455196,0.002039081,0.00093013,0.000801296],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006337246,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005864202,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1136544,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1128924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983714,0.0002947052,0.00004225729,0.0001913874,0.000362097,0.0007381686],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984381,0.0003171773,0.0003682052,0.0002465063,0.0004144923,0.0002156085],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007269576,0.0005617688,0.1399331,0.0006047823,0.0002578531,0.0005452977,0.001584238,0.06456091,0.007332285,0.4801478,0.02385136,0.2798936],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005053116,0.000795454,0.338872,0.0005637615,0.0003900022,0.0007775628,0.003445267,0.05814187,0.01347398,0.308861,0.274038,0.0001357699],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7189401,0.001344079,0.02514127,0.007412432,0.0001830873,0.0003266365,0.0009212169,0.0009008821,0.2448303],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9893044,0.0001803642,0.001281015,0.000264947,0.00002987829,0.00001670419,0.00007156814,0.00001333101,0.008837803],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8863456,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2259856,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2102285655818817,"score_gpt":0.2480933176771953,"score_spread":0.03786475209531356,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}